Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants.

			ACEI/ARB
			Non-user	User
Variable			n = 1,986	n = 1,290	P-value
Demographic and clinical characteristics
	Age, years		63 (55–71)	62 (54–71)	0.03
	Sex, female, %		41.4	34.0	<0.001
	Body mass index, kg/m2		20.9 (19.0–23.4)	20.8 (19.0–23.2)	0.59
	Cause of end-stage kidney disease				<0.001
		Glomerulonephritis, %	48.2	40.0
		Diabetic nephropathy, %	19.3	34.1
		Pyelonephritis, %	2.27	1.09
		Cystic kidney, %	4.88	3.57
		Nephrosclerosis, %	5.89	5.74
		Others, %	19.4	18.2
	Systolic blood pressure, mmHg		148 (131–164)	156 (142–170)	<0.001
	Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg		79 (70–87)	80 (72–90)	<0.001
	Smoking, %		25.1	26.8	0.50
Co-morbid conditions
	Diabetes mellitus, %		27.3	38.2	<0.001
	Cardiovascular disease, %		60.7	58.9	0.32
Dialysis
	Duration of dialysis, years		8.95 (4.08–15.9)	7.05 (3.05–12.0)	<0.001
	Kt/V, single pool		1.42 (1.24–1.61)	1.35 (1.18–1.53)	<0.001
Laboratory data
	Albumin, g/dL		3.8 (3.5–4.0)	3.8 (3.6–4.0)	0.03
	Blood hemoglobin, g/dL		10.6 (9.8–11.3)	10.5 (9.8–11.1)	0.06
	Calcium, mg/dL		9.5 (8.9–10.1)	9.4 (8.8–10.1)	0.35
	Phosphorus, mg/dL		5.4 (4.5–6.3)	5.5 (4.8–6.4)	0.15
	Intact parathyroid hormone, pg/mL		276 (200–409)	252 (189–362)	<0.001
	Alkaline phosphatase, IU/L		259 (199–352)	243 (183–318)	<0.001
Antihypertensive drugs
	β-Blocker, %		4.73	10.6	<0.001
	Calcium channel blocker, %		27.7	68.2	<0.001
	Diuretic, %		10.7	16.0	<0.001
	Others, %		10.2	27.1	<0.001
Anticoagulant therapy, %			5.2	3.5	0.02
Vitamin D receptor activators					0.53
	Intravenous drug, %		48.8	48.6
	Oral drug, %		28.2	29.6
	None, %		23.1	21.7
Phosphate binders					0.40
	Calcium-based drugs, %		43.5	43.7
	Non-calcium-based drugs, %		19.3	17.1
	Both, %		22.9	24.0
	None, %		14.4	15.2
History of parathyroidectomy, %			7.17	4.76	0.005

For continuous variables, median and interquartile ranges (IQR) are shown.

ACEI: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker