Table 3. Various models for the effect sizes according to diabetes and 1% increment of HbA1c.
| Outcomes | Models | Non-diabetes (reference) versus diabetes | 1% increment of HbA1c | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (N = 5277) | All participants (N = 5277) | Non-diabetic group (N = 4915) | Diabetic group (N = 362) | ||||||
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
| Ischemic stroke | Model 1 | 1.76 (1.06–2.92) | 0.03 | 1.28 (1.15–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.13–1.99) | <0.01 | 1.23 (1.00–1.50) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 1.47 (0.87–2.50) | 0.15 | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) | <0.001 | 1.45 (1.08–1.93) | 0.01 | 1.25 (1.01–1.54) | 0.04 | |
| Model 3 | 1.34 (0.57–3.12) | 0.51 | 1.29 (1.12–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.40 (1.04–1.87) | 0.02 | 1.26 (1.00–1.59) | 0.04 | |
| Total stroke | Model 1 | 1.80 (1.23–2.63) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.14–1.36) | <0.001 | 1.22 (0.93–1.60) | 0.15 | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | 0.02 |
| Model 2 | 1.59 (1.06–2.38) | 0.02 | 1.23 (1.11–1.36) | <0.001 | 1.17 (0.87–1.56) | 0.30 | 1.22 (1.04–1.44) | 0.02 | |
| Model 3 | 1.11 (0.54–2.30) | 0.78 | 1.20 (1.06–1.36) | <0.001 | 1.34 (0.85–1.51) | 0.39 | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 0.03 | |
| Coronary heart disease | Model 1 | 4.82 (2.86–8.12) | <0.001 | 1.41 (1.27–1.58) | <0.001 | 1.11 (0.63–1.94) | 0.71 | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 | 3.08 (1.75–5.42) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.17–1.52) | <0.001 | 1.47 (0.49–1.71) | 0.79 | 1.25 (1.02–1.52) | 0.03 | |
| Model 3 | 1.79 (0.62–5.15) | 0.28 | 1.23 (1.04–1.47) | <0.01 | 0.88 (0.46–1.67) | 0.69 | 1.31 (1.06–1.61) | 0.01 | |
| Total cardiovascular disease | Model 1 | 2.41 (1.76–3.30) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.20–1.40) | <0.001 | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | 0.30 | 1.19 (1.05–1.34) | <0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1.93 (1.38–2.70) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.15–1.37) | <0.001 | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 0.69 | 1.22 (1.07–1.39) | <0.01 | |
| Model 3 | 1.33 (0.73–2.43) | 0.34 | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.79–1.38) | 0.75 | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | <0.01 | |
| All-cause death | Model 1 | 1.79 (1.36–2.38) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | <0.001 | 1.09 (0.87–1.35) | 0.46 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 0.68 |
| Model 2 | 1.63 (1.21–2.20) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | <0.01 | 1.08 (0.87–1.35) | 0.49 | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 0.78 | |
| Model 3 | 2.29 (1.52–3.45) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.02 | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 0.47 | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) | 0.46 | |
Model 1: age group (<45, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74, ≥75 years), and sex; Model 2: factors in Model 1 plus family history of stroke, waist circumference (per 1 cm), systolic blood pressure (per 1 mm Hg), triglyceride (per 1 mg/dL), HDL-C (per 1 mg/dL), uric acid (per 1 mg/dL), and creatinine (per 1 mg/dL); Model 3: factors in Model 2 plus anti-hyperglycemic drugs (only in diabetic group), lipid-lowering drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-platelet drugs, and anti-acid agents.