Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the whole sample and per group with and without agoraphobia.
| All | No agoraphobia | Agoraphobia | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 2890) | (n = 2766, 95.7%) | (n = 124, 4.3%) | ||
| Duration between somatic and psychiatric evaluations at baseline, years | 1.3±0.5 (0.2–5.7) | 1.3±0.5 (0.2–5.7) | 1.3±0.4 (0.6–4.3) | 0.326 |
| Length of follow-up a , years | 5.5±0.4 (4.7–8.5) | 5.5±0.4 (4.7–8.5) | 5.5±0.4 (5.1–8.2) | 0.414 |
| Age, years | 49.7±8.8 (35.0–66.6) | 49.6±8.8 (35.0–66.6) | 50.6±8.4 (35.7–65.9) | 0.227 |
| Socioeconomic status b | 3.4±1.3 (1.0–5.0) | 3.5±1.3 (1.0–5.0) | 3.2±1.3 (1.0–5.0) | 0.040* |
| Hypertension c | 0.990 | |||
| No | 2309 (79.8%) | 2207 (79.8%) | 99 (79.8%) | |
| Yes | 584 (20.2%) | 559 (20.2%) | 25 (20.2%) | |
| Body mass index | 0.205 | |||
| Underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2) | 49 (1.7%) | 44 (1.6%) | 5 (4.0%) | |
| Normal (18.5 kg/m2≤BMI<25 kg/m2) | 1504 (52.0%) | 1440 (52.1%) | 64 (51.6%) | |
| Overweight (25 kg/m2≤BMI<30 kg/m2) | 1002 (34.7%) | 959 (34.7%) | 43 (34.7%) | |
| Obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) | 335 (11.6%) | 323 (11.7%) | 12 (9.7%) | |
| Glucose, fasting state mmol/L | 5.5±1.0 (0.3–21.2) | 5.5±1.0 (0.3–21.2) | 5.5±1.1 (4.2–13.8) | 0.598 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio | 3.6±1.1 (1.4–12.0) | 3.6±1.1 (1.4–12.0) | 3.5±1.1 (1.8–7.7) | 0.574 |
| Smoking status | 0.040* | |||
| Never | 1140 (39.5%) | 1102 (39.8%) | 38 (30.7%) | |
| Former/Current | 1750 (60.5%) | 1664 (60.2%) | 86 (69.3%) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.032* | |||
| Nondrinkers | 713 (24.7%) | 674 (24.4%) | 39 (31.5%) | |
| Low (1–6 drinks/week) | 1118 (38.7%) | 1068 (38.6%) | 50 (40.3%) | |
| Moderate (7–13 drinks /week) | 594 (20.6%) | 568 (20.5%) | 26 (21.0%) | |
| High (14+ drinks /week) | 465 (16.1%) | 456 (16.5%) | 9 (7.3%) | |
| Leisure physical activity d | 0.265 | |||
| No | 1281 (44.3%) | 1220 (44.1%) | 61 (49.2%) | |
| Yes | 1609 (55.7%) | 1546 (55.9%) | 63 (50.8%) | |
| Major depressive disorder | <0.001** | |||
| No | 1630 (56.4%) | 1581 (57.2%) | 49 (39.5%) | |
| Yes | 1260 (43.6%) | 1185 (42.8%) | 75 (60.5%) | |
| Other anxiety disorders e | <0.001** | |||
| No | 2297 (79.5%) | 2239 (80.9%) | 58 (46.8%) | |
| Yes | 593 (20.5%) | 527 (19.1%) | 66 (53.2%) | |
| Drug dependence f | 0.334 | |||
| No | 2812 (97.3%) | 2693 (97.4%) | 119 (96.0%) | |
| Yes | 77 (2.3%) | 72 (2.6%) | 5 (4.0%) |
Data are given as mean ± standard deviation (range) or percentage value.
Statistical analyses used Mann-Whitney-U or Pearson’s chi-square test (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001).
SES, socioeconomic status; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BMI, Body mass index.
a Duration between somatic evaluation at baseline and somatic evaluation at follow-up.
b A value of “3” represents an SES of III (middle class) on the Hollingshead Scale.
c Systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg.
d Physically active at least or more than 20 minutes twice a week.
e Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and/or social phobia.
f Marijuana, cocaine, solvent, hallucinogen, stimulant, sedative or/and narcotic dependence.