Figure 3. Abnormalities of growth curves in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) for each of the ~80,000 cortical vertices, using penalized spline models and FDR-adjusted p-values.

A) Cortical regions with any difference in the maturational trajectory in COS, either a constant trait difference or an age-varying trajectory difference. In other words, the null hypothesis H₀, that β_v (age) in equation (2) is identically zero, is rejected. B) Regions for which the null hypothesis H_0a that ${\beta }_v^{(1)}=0$ in equation (3) is rejected. All of these regions are in fact thinner in COS. The plot below shows the average maturational trajectory of these regions with 95% confidence intervals. C) Regions with significant group differences in trajectory, i.e., the null hypothesis H_0b that ${\beta }_v^{(2)}$ (age) is identically zero in equation (3) is rejected. The plot below shows the average maturational trajectory of these regions with 95% confidence intervals.