Table 2. Strategies of cellular response evasion exploited by individual EBV antigens detected in NPC.

Strategies	Viral antigens	Mechanisms	References
Switch off immunodominant viral antigens	e.g., EBNA2, the EBNA3 family	Not well-known, epigenetic modification?	123
Impair the HLA I or HLA II pathway	EBNA1	Blocks proteasomal HLA II pathway degradation via the GAr domain	128,129
	LMP1	Induces c-Myc via IL6 and the JAK3/STAT3 pathway	135
	LMP1	Self-aggregation via its first transmembrane domain	136
	BZLF1 (Zta)	Suppresses the class II transactivator CIITA	139
	BGLF5	Directly shuts off host HLA I synthesis	137
	BNLF2a	Inhibits TAP and surface HLA I expression	138,139
Upregulate immune-inhibitory molecules	LMP1	Induces IL-10 via p38/SAPK2	143
	EBERs	Induce IL-10 via PKR-independent pathways	144
	LMP1	Induces DcR3 via NF-κB and PI3K pathways	147
	EBV (specific antigen, not yet determined)	Induces B7-H1 and ICOS-L	88
Recruit Tregs and induce T-cell anergy	LMP1	Induces Tregs via chemokines (e.g., IL-10 and TGF-β)	155
	LMP1	Directly inhibits T-cell proliferation	156

ICOS-L, inducible costimulatory ligand; JAK3, Janus kinase 3.