Table 1. Comparisons of plantar foot pressure and contact area of foot of the affected side of the 3 groups.
| Parameters | NHG group | FHG group | BHG group | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
| Plantar foot pressure (N) | T1 | 27.1 ± 36.0 | 27.8 ± 20.3 | 17.5 ± 13.6 | 23.8 ± 16.3 | 13.8 ± 16.4 | 27.9 ± 28.2 |
| T2-5 | 4.7 ± 8.9 | 3.4 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 4.6 | 6.8 ± 7.4 | 10.1 ± 18.2 | 16.5 ± 20.6 | |
| M1 | 30.0 ± 25.3 | 30.0 ± 19.4 | 5.4 ± 4.7 | 20.0 ± 18.7 | 16.1 ± 18.9 | 23.3 ± 23.4 | |
| M2 | 27.4 ± 16.9 | 29.9 ± 13.1 | 12.5 ± 10.3 | 25.2 ± 17.0 | 21.8 ± 18.8 | 28.9 ± 30.3 | |
| M3 | 25.4 ± 13.6 | 25.6 ± 12.1 | 16.8 ± 14.9 | 25.0 ± 16.0 | 19.0 ± 18.4 | 30.8 ± 27.9 | |
| M4 | 24.8 ± 10.6 | 23.0 ± 12.6 | 17.4 ± 16.3 | 23.5 ± 19.4 | 29.1 ± 50.3 | 35.9 ± 33.9 | |
| M5 | 14.3 ± 10.7 | 21.1 ± 26.3 | 25.5 ± 42.7 | 19.2 ± 18.3 | 21.7 ± 44.6 | 40.2 ± 52.9 | |
| MF | 28.5 ± 23.2 | 32.9 ± 54.1 | 53.9 ± 78.6 | 75.2 ± 88.0 | 28.9 ± 40.7 | 56.0 ± 45.9 | |
| HM* | 58.5 ± 34.1 | 53.6 ± 28.7 | 50.7 ± 50.9 | 78.3 ± 70.8 | 28.0 ± 45.3 | 65.4 ± 56.8 | |
| HL*† | 48.8 ± 26.9 | 41.0 ± 22.1 | 42.9 ± 49.3 | 74.8 ± 68.4 | 13.8 ± 22.7 | 47.0 ± 52.3 | |
| Contact area of foot (%) | Fore foot | 54.2 ± 8.0 | 52.4 ± 5.6 | 46.5 ± 9.6 | 45.1 ± 8.8 | 54.4 ± 6.0 | 51.5 ± 7.7 |
| Mid foot | 19.4 ± 8.9 | 21.5 ± 5.7 | 25.8 ± 8.3 | 25.2 ± 7.4 | 22.2 ± 4.4 | 26.8 ± 13.0 | |
| Rear foot* | 26.4 ± 4.0 | 26.1 ± 2.4 | 27.7 ± 4.7 | 29.7 ± 4.4 | 23.4 ± 4.4 | 27.7 ± 4.0 | |
*Significant difference between the NHG exercise and BHG exercise groups (p < 0.05). †Significant difference between the NHG exercise and FHG exercise groups (p < 0.05). NHG: No Handrail group; FHG: Front handrail group; BHG: Bilateral Handrail group; T1: Toe1; T2–5: Toe2–5; M1–5: Metatarsal 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; MF: Midfoot; HM: Heel-medial; HL: Heel-lateral