Fig. 2.

Chronic early-life stress (CES) leads to limbic spontaneous seizures in a minority of rats. Shown are EEGs traces of spontaneous limbic seizures from a CES rat. Rats were implanted bilaterally with bipolar electrodes in amygdala as well as with an electrode over the right frontoparietal cortex. The montage consisted of two channels: Channel 1: intra-left amygdala (bipolar); Channel 2: between one of the twisted electrodes in the right amygdala and the right cortical electrode. A, B show the onset and progression of two spontaneous seizures. The expanded time-scale view (A1,B1) allows observation of the temporal sequence of the onset of the seizures (denoted by the blue arrows). The vertical line aids in discerning that the first voltage deflection associated with the seizure originates in the amygdala channels earlier than in the cortex. The second expanded time-scale views (right) suggest that during the course of the seizure, the amygdala spikes ‘lead’ cortical sharp waves and waves. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)