Figure 1. Voxel-based lesion system mapping results for the executive function tests.

(A) Verbal Fluency, (B) Trail Making, and (C) Twenty Questions. For each test, voxel-based lesion system mapping compares voxel by voxel the performance of penetrating traumatic brain injury with a lesion against those without a lesion in a given voxel. Colored areas indicate a significant association between the presence of a lesion in that location and lower score. The results are overlaid onto an MRI template brain in Montreal Neurological Institute space for visualization purposes. Images are shown in radiologic convention: the right hemisphere is shown on the reader's left side. Color bar indicates Z scores.