Table 3.
Sensory and sympathetic receptors and neurotransmitters expressed in cells and tissues of diathrodial joints
| Receptors and tissue (cells) | Neurotransmitters and tissue (cells) |
|---|---|
| NK1R | Substance P |
| Chondrocytes of articular cartilage | Chondrocytes of articular cartilage |
| Chondrocytes of costal cartilage | Chondrocytes of costal cartilage |
| Proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate | Proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate |
| Chondrocytes of OA cartilage | Chondrocytes of OA cartilage |
| Chondrocytes from fracture callus | Chondrocytes from fracture callus |
| Osteoblasts | |
| Osteoclasts and precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages) | |
| BMSCs | BMSCs |
| Synovial fibroblasts | Synovial fibroblasts |
| Synovial fluid | |
| CL receptor/RAMP | Calcitonin gene-related peptide |
| Osteoblasts | Osteoblasts |
| Osteoclasts | |
| BMSCs | BMSCs |
| Synovial fluid | |
| β-Adrenoceptors | Tyrosine-hydroxylase (rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis) |
| Chondrocytes of articular cartilage (β2-AR) | Chondrocytes of the cartilage deep zone |
| Chondrocytes of costal cartilage (β2-AR) | Costal chondrocytes |
| Chondrocytes of growth plates (all zones) (β2-AR) | Hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate |
| Chondrocytes of OA cartilage (β2-AR) | |
| Chondrogenic progenitor cells from OA cartilage (β2-AR, in vitro) | |
| Osteoblasts (β2-AR) | Osteoblasts |
| Osteoclasts and precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages) | Osteoclasts |
| BMSCs (β2/β3-AR) | Proliferating and chondrogenic/differentiating BMSCs in vitro |
| Synovial cells | Synovial cells during RA pathogenesis |
| Synovial fluid | |
| α1-Adrenoceptors | |
| Chondrocytes of OA articular cartilage | |
| Chondrocytes in fracture callus | |
| Mesenchymal cells in fracture callus | |
| α2-Adrenoceptors | |
| Chondrocytes of articular cartilage | |
| Chondrocytes of the growth plate (different zones) | |
| Chondrocytes of fracture callus | |
| Mesenchymal cells of fracture callus | |
| Osteoblasts | |
| Osteoclasts and precursors (bone marrow-derived macrophages) | |
| Synovial cells | |
| VIP receptors | VIP |
| Osteoclasts (VIP-1/-2) and PACAP | Synovial fluid |
| Osteoblasts (VIP-1/-2) | OA cartilage (?) |
| Bone marrow-derived macrophages (PACAP) | |
| Synovial cells (VIP-1/-2) |
AR, adrenoceptor; BMSC, bone marrow-derived stem cell; CL, calcitonin gene-related peptide; NK1R, neurokinin 1 receptor; OA, osteoarthritis; PACAP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; RAMP, receptor activity-modifying protein; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.