Table 3.
Genomic substance
| Genome | Functions | Type of abnormality | Reported rate in the saliva |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mitochondrial DNA | mutations | 67% | |
| p53 gene: Tumor-suppressor genes | Cell-cycle regulation Senescence, cell-cycle progression | mutations | 71% |
| p16* : Tumor-suppressor genes | Cell-cycle regulation Senescence, cell-cycle progression | Hypermethylation | 47% |
| DAP-K* | kinase whose expression is required for IFN-γ-induced apoptosis | Hypermethylation | 33% |
| MGMT* | Hypermethylation | 23% | |
| CDKN2A | Control of cell cycle, arrest cell cycle at G1& G2act like a Tumor-suppressor genes | Hypermethylation | 30.2% |
| CDH1 | Encodes Ca++ dependent cell to cell adhesions | Hypermethylation | - |
| c-MYCIN: Proto-oncogenes | Cell growth, apoptosis | amplification | 20-40% |
| Cyclin D oncogenes: Proto-oncogenes | Cell-cycle regulation | amplification | 87% |
*p16, MGMT,DAP-K (methylation of at least one of these genes in 65%).