Table 1.
Articles selected for review
| Nonclinical sample | Autism spectrum cases | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | Overall | Range | N (Females) | Males | Females | Overall | Range | N (Females) | |
| AQ m (SD) | AQ m (SD) | AQ m (SD) a | AQ m (SD) | AQ m (SD) | AQ m (SD) a | |||||
| [5] | 17.8 (6.8) | 15.4 (5.7) | 16.4 (6.3) | 174 (98) | 35.1 (6.9) | 38.1 (4.4) | 35.8 (6.5) | 58 (13) | ||
| [22] | 15.9 (7.4) | 16 (2) | 37.5 (9.9) | 16 (2) | ||||||
| [23] | 15 (6) | 6 to 30 | 20 (2) | 38 (5) | 28 to 46 | 21 (2) | ||||
| [24] | 14 (5.4) | 6 to 26 | 22 (4) | 38.5 (7.8) | 16 to 49 | 22 (5) | ||||
| [25] | 16.65 (6.81) | 24 (12) | 34.63 (7.08) | 16 (6) | ||||||
| [26] | 16.5 (6.38) | 30 (7) | 33.93 (7.89) | 30 (7) | ||||||
| [27] | 14.9 (8.58) | 21 (5) | 37.1 (6.21) | 21 (5) | ||||||
| [28] | 11.6 (5) | 12 (6) | 36.7 (6) | 12 (6) | ||||||
| [29] | 12.53 (5.78) | 18 (8) | 35.28 (5.78) | 18 (8) | ||||||
| [30] | 14.64 (7.46) | 28 (14) | 34.93 (6.9) | 28 (14) | ||||||
| [31] | 17.33 (8.79) | 2 to 42 | 22 (4) | 35.86 (8.23) | 17 to 48 | 21 (4) | ||||
| [32] | 18.81 (7.8) | 17.21 (6.22) | 35 (19) | |||||||
| [33] | 15.3 (6.1) | 12 (NA) | 30.6 (9.7) | 12 (NA) | ||||||
| [34] | 14.86 (4.03) | 24 (12) | ||||||||
| [35] | 13.13 (5.46) | 6 to 29 | 23 (6) | 34.39 (7.65) | 21 to 46 | 23 (7) | ||||
| [17] | 17.7 (6.9) | 13.1 (6.3) | 988 (644) | |||||||
| [36] | 14.12 (5.78) | 127 (84) | ||||||||
| [37] | 15.8 (7.2) | 19 (NA) | 36.1 (8.7) | 18 (NA) | ||||||
| [38] | 19 (6.25) | 12.15 (4.16) | 15.13 (6.12) | 23 (13) | ||||||
| [39] | 14 (4.74) | 17 (10) | ||||||||
| [40] | 15.8 (6.35) | 19 (13) | ||||||||
| [41] | 16 (7) | 2 to 33 | 91 (53) | |||||||
| [42] | 19.64 (7.84) | 15 (4) | 37.06 (8.47) | 16 (4) | ||||||
| [43] | 16.72 (7.44) | 18 (5) | ||||||||
| [44] | 19 (7.87) | 17.36 (7.99) | 2 to 45 | 838 (509) | 37.8 (7.8) | 39.8 (6.0) | 8 to 50 | 449 (209) | ||
| [45] | 15.4 (5.9) | 19 (3) | 27.6 (5.7) | 14 (2) | ||||||
| [46] | 13.7 (7.43) | 32 (16) | 36.9 (7.05) | 29 (14) | ||||||
| [47] | 13.7 (7.7) | 30 (15) | 36.8 (7.1) | 28 (13) | ||||||
| [48] | 11.7 (5.4) | 10.4 (4.2) | 53 (25) | 28 (9.4) | 31.9 (7.9) | 50 (24) | ||||
| [49] | 15 (5.63) | 13 (7) | 31.82 (9.59) | 14 (4) | ||||||
| [50] | 13.67 (2.76) | 18 (6) | 34.39 (5.26) | 18 (6) | ||||||
| [51] | 14.05 (6.19) | 3 to 29 | 38 (4) | |||||||
| [52] | 14.61 (0.84) | 35 (22) | ||||||||
| [53] | 13.8 (5.9) | 16 (3) | ||||||||
| [54] | 14.1 (5.7) | 96 (96) | ||||||||
| [55] | 16.5 (1) | 32 (16) | ||||||||
| [56] | 14.55 (5.44) | 29 (8) | ||||||||
| [57] | 19.1 (7.03) | 706 (445) | ||||||||
| 18.6 (6.04) | 452 (229) | |||||||||
| [58] | 16.8 (7.6) | 7 to 33 | 16 (12) | |||||||
| [59] | 11.9 (4.5) | 3 to 21 | 32 (3) | 29.4 (7) | 16 to 44 | 32 (2) | ||||
| [60] | 15.1 (5.8) | 5 to 28 | 47 (18) | 35.8 (5.9) | 22 to 46 | 38 (38) | ||||
| [61] | 14.05 (5.8) | 129 (83) | 36.04 (7.13) | 104 (46) | ||||||
| [62] | 16.4 (6.11) | 15 (9) | 29.44 (8.6) | 13 (4) | ||||||
| [63] | 17.88 (8.21) | 16 (4) | 33.13 (10.09) | 16 (1) | ||||||
| [64] | 13.72 (5.67) | 18 (5) | 34.67 (6.89) | 18 (5) | ||||||
| [65] | 19 (7.1) | 600 (383) | ||||||||
| [66] | 13.6 (7.86) | 4 to 37 | 25 (25) | 36.6 (6.53) | 22 to 49 | 25 (4) | ||||
| [67] | 16.69 (5.69) | 7 to 31 | 36 (18) | |||||||
| [68] | 14.86 (6.22) | 3 to 37 | 216 (NA) | |||||||
| [69] | 16.3 (7.7) | 342 (79) | 35.32 (7.69) | 223 (155) | ||||||
| [70] | 15.6 (6.9) | 12 (4.8) | 60 (30) | 32.7 (7.3) | 37.5 (6.7) | 60 (30) | ||||
| [71] | 12.11 (5.03) | 28 (7) | 34.15 (8.61) | 27 (6) | ||||||
| [72] | 16 (5.1) | 5 to 28 | 67 (52) | |||||||
| [73] | 13 (5) | 18 (6) | 34 (10) | 18 (9) | ||||||
| [74] | 18.1 (7.5) | 228 (149) | 36 (7.6) | 209 (122) | ||||||
| [75] | 15.6 (6) | 18 (12) | ||||||||
| [76] | 14.6 (5) | 18 (2) | 30.4 (4.6) | 16 (3) | ||||||
| [77] | 13.09 (5.79) | 22 (13) | ||||||||
| [78] | 20 (9.7) | 119 (60) | 36.4 (7.3) | 70 (30) | ||||||
| [79] | 13.03 (5.85) | 2 to 26 | 31 (17) | |||||||
| [80] | 17 (7) | 5 to 33 | 15 (10) | |||||||
| [81] | 17.41 (6.89) | 163 (91) | ||||||||
| [82] | 13.2 (6.1) | 31 (3) | 29.5 (7.5) | 39 (3) | ||||||
| [83] | 18.26 (4.49) | 16.95 (4.67) | 17.61 (4.57) | 38 (19) | ||||||
| [84] | 12.52 (5.41) | 29 (7) | 34.44 (8.78) | 27 (6) | ||||||
| [85] | 12.26 (5.45) | 3 to 21 | 19 (4) | 35.16 (7.59) | 21 to 45 | 19 (4) | ||||
| [86] | 13.8 (5.7) | 17 (6) | 37.3 (9.9) | 14 (7) | ||||||
| [87] | 19.57 (7.48) | 134 (NA) | ||||||||
| [88] | 15.65 (1.59) | 20 (10) | ||||||||
| 16.5 (1.26) | 20 (10) | |||||||||
| 18.45 (1.48) | 20 (10) | |||||||||
| 15.15 (0.83) | 26 (13) | |||||||||
| 15.85 (1.26) | 26 (13) | |||||||||
| [89] | 11.43 (4.2) | 14.2 (4.5) | 12.58 (4.36) | 7 to 20 | 12 (5) | 40.13 (6.77) | 42.5 (4.42) | 41.14 (5.8) | 14 (6) | |
| [90] | 15 (6) | 14 (5) | 29 (16) | 38 (13) | 39 (13) | 30 (16) | ||||
| [91] | 17.2 (5.2) | 12 (4) | ||||||||
| [92] | 15.24 (6.37) | 17 (3) | 35.59 (9.17) | 17 (3) | ||||||
Studies ordered chronologically; blank cells indicate data not reported (or for patients, AQ not administered to individuals with an autism spectrum condition). Overall AQ meana refers to combined male and female score.