Table 2.
Effects of sleep deprivation on hippocampal neurogenesis.
| Experimental model | Effects of sleep deprivation | Limitations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were 48 h sleep-deprived by a disk-over-water paradigm. After, one group had 8 h of recovery sleep, while the other had more 8 h of sleep deprivation. A control group was undisturbed | Dentate gyrus cell proliferation was 39% reduced in the first group and 36% reduced in the second group | Corticosterone levels were not controlled. Cell proliferation was not analyzed by hippocampal areas | Tung et al. (2005) |
| Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were acute (24 h) or prolonged (72 h) sleep-deprived by the small-platform method. The experimental procedure was reproduced in adrenalectomized animals | Cell proliferation was significantly reduced in the SGZ of the animals prolonged sleep-deprived. This reduction persisted by 1 and 3 weeks and it was eliminated in adrenalectomized animals | Sleep stages deprived and daily exercise were not controlled. Cell proliferation was not analyzed by hippocampal areas. The results can be influenced by low levels of corticosterone | Mirescu et al. (2006) |
| Male C57Bl/6 mice were acute sleep-deprived (10–12 h) by the ‘gentle handling’ method | Basal rate of cell proliferation in the SGZ was not affected | Sleep stages deprived and daily exercise were not controlled | van der Borght et al. (2006) |
| Treadmill sleep-deprived and treadmill control group of rats were sleep-deprived for 96 h on a treadmill that moved either for 3 s on/12 s off or for 15 m on/60 m, respectively. A cage control group was undisturbed | The number of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus was 54% reduced in the first group comparatively with the second and 68% reduced comparatively with the control group | Sleep stages deprived, corticosterone levels and daily exercise were not controlled | Guzman-Marin et al. (2005) |
| An intermittent treadmill deprivation system was used to sleep-deprived rats for 96 h | Proliferation of new neurons was reduced by 50% after 96 h of sleep deprivation and 3 weeks after, mature cells with neuronal phenotype was 35% reduced | Sleep stages deprived, levels of corticosterone and daily exercise were not controlled. | Guzman-Marin and McGinty (2006) |
| Sprague-Dawley rats were parcial sleep-deprived during 12 days. | Sleep fragmentation reduced proliferating cells by 32% | Levels of corticosterone and daily exercise were not controlled. Cell proliferation was not analyzed by hippocampal areas | Sportiche et al. (2010) |
| Rats were sleep-restricted by drums slowly rotating for 1 day or repeatedly for 20 h/day, during 8 days | Acute sleep deprivation significantly decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in the hilus. Prolonged partial sleep deprivation decreased cell proliferation in the hilus and SGZ | Sleep stages deprived, levels of corticosterone and daily exercise were not controlled. The results can be influenced by chronic forced activity | Roman et al. (2005) |
| Adolescent male rats were: chronic partial sleep-deprived by slowly rotating drums; forced to walk by rotating drums at double speed; and undisturbed. Anxiety, anhedonia and HPA axis activity was assessed. | Hippocampal volume was significantly reduced in the first group but this did not significantly alter survival of newborn cells | Sleep stages deprived was not controlled. Cell proliferation was not analyzed by hippocampal areas | Novati et al. (2011) |
| Rats were REMS-suppressed for 4 days by a treadmill. Control animals received the same stimulus randomly during sleep stages | The proliferation of hippocampal cells was 63% reduced by REMS loss | REMS deprivation can change NREMS or waking behavior that may be essential for cell proliferation | Guzman-Marin et al. (2008) |
| Intact and adrenalectomized male rats were REMS-deprived for 96 h, using multiple and single-platform methods | Cell proliferation was 50% reduced in intact and adrenalectomized that received corticosterone replacement via subcutaneous minipumps | REMS deprivation can change NREMS or waking behavior that may be essential for cell proliferation. Low levels of corticosterone can promote cell proliferation | Mueller et al. (2008) |
| Male Sprague-Dawley adrenalectomized rats were REMS-deprivated by the plataform-over-water method for 4 days or exposed to constant bright light for the same time | Only REMS deprivation suppressed cell proliferation, by 50%. | REMS deprivation can change NREMS or waking behavior that may be essential for cell proliferation. Low levels of corticosterone can promote cell proliferation | Mueller et al. (2011) |
| Rats were sleep-deprived for 12 h, by gentle handling | Cell proliferation and total number of surviving cells increased in the SGZ after sleep deprivation, as well as 15 and 30 days after | Levels of corticosterone, sleep stages and daily exercise were not controlled. Cell proliferation was not analyzed by hippocampal areas | Zucconi et al. (2006) |
| Rats were sleep-deprived for 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h, by slowly rotating wheels | Proliferating cells in the SGZ increased significantly after 12 h of sleep deprivation but tended to decrease after 48 h of sleep deprivation. | Sleep stages and daily exercise were not controlled | Juneka et al. (2010) |