Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of subjects according to the four eating habits
| Eating-habit groups | Absence of LNDE and BS | LNDE alone | BS | Post hoc test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BS alone | LNDE plus BS | ||||
| N (% of total) | 38,475 (62.7) | 11,718 (19.1) | 5880 (9.6) | 5291 (8.6) | |
| 30–39 years (%)* | 52.7 | 21.6 | 13.0 | 12.7 | |
| 40–49 years (%)* | 58.8 | 20.6 | 10.5 | 10.2 | |
| 50–59 years (%)* | 67.0 | 18.6 | 7.9 | 6.5 | |
| 60–70 years (%)* | 77.3 | 14.1 | 5.5 | 3.1 | |
| Men, n (%) | 20,611 (53.6) | 7883 (67.3) | 3948 (67.1) | 3974 (75.1) | a,b,c,e,f |
| Age (years) | 49.6 ± 11.4 | 46.3 ± 10.8 | 44.5 ± 10.5 | 43.0 ± 9.6 | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.1 ± 3.5 | 23.7 ± 3.7 | 23.5 ± 3.8 | 23.7 ± 3.9 | a,b,c,d,f |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.6 ± 9.5 | 83.0 ± 10.0 | 82.1 ± 10.1 | 82.9 ± 10.3 | a,b,c,d,f |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124 ± 16.9 | 125 ± 17.0 | 124 ± 16.9 | 125 ± 16.0 | a,c |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75 ± 12 | 76 ± 12 | 76 ± 13 | 76 ± 13 | a,b,c |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 93 (64–140) | 95 (64–148) | 98 (67–153) | 98 (65–155) | a,b,c,e |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 59.7 ± 14.8 | 58.9 ± 14.8 | 57.3 ± 14.9 | 57.4 ± 15.1 | a,b,c,d,e |
| HbA1c (%, NGSP) | 5.63 ± 0.68 | 5.62 ± 0.74 | 5.58 ± 0.73 | 5.57 ± 0.73 | b,c,d,e |
| Hyperglycemia, n (%) | 10,844 (28.2) | 3080 (26.3) | 1324 (22.5) | 1165 (22.0) | a,b,c,d,e |
| Pharmacotherapy for | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 5300 (13.8) | 1424 (12.2) | 465 (7.9) | 374 (7.1) | a,b,c,d,e |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1365 (3.5) | 403 (3.4) | 107 (1.8) | 98 (1.9) | b,c,d,e |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 3066 (8.0) | 667 (5.7) | 236 (4.0) | 187 (3.5) | a,b,c,d,e |
| Past history of CVD, n (%) | 996 (2.6) | 301 (2.6) | 106 (1.8) | 87 (1.6) | b,c,d,e |
| Daily alcohol consumption, n (%) | 8067 (21.0) | 4273 (36.5) | 1354 (23.0) | 1855 (35.1) | a,b,c,d,f |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 7801 (20.3) | 3560 (30.4) | 2832 (48.2) | 2861 (54.1) | a,b,c,d,e,f |
| Having regular exercise, n (%) | 11,022 (28.6) | 2741 (23.4) | 1237 (21.0) | 1020 (19.3) | a,b,c,d,e |
| Self-reported full-rest by sleep, n (%) | 25,580 (66.5) | 5936 (50.7) | 3193 (54.3) | 2190 (41.4) | a,b,c,d,e,f |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Triglyceride is expressed as median (interquartile range).
Continuous and categorical variables between the four eating habit groups were examined by ANOVA and χ2 tests.
All p values by ANOVA and χ2 tests were < 0.0001.
Post hoc test by Tukey-Kramer test was used to examine the difference between specific two groups. Additional χ2-test was conducted to examine the difference between specific two groups (p < 0.0071 was considered statistically significant).
aAbsence of LNDE and BS vs LNDE alone.
bAbsence of LNDE and BS vs BS alone. cAbsence of LNDE and BS vs LNDE plus BS.
dLNDE alone vs BS alone.
eLNDE alone vs LNDE plus BS.
fBS alone vs LNDE plus BS.
*Percentage of each age group.
BMI, body mass index, BS, breakfast skipping; CVD, cardiovascular disease (including stroke); LNDE, late-night-dinner eating; NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program.