Table 4.
Stigma scale reliability, descriptive statistics, and informant comparisons.
| Total sample | Paired sample | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronbach's α | Mothers | Fathers | n | t a | P | ES | |||
| n | M (SD) | n | M (SD) | ||||||
| Total stigma score | 0.83 | 96 | 1.88 (0.62) | 58 | 1.67 (0.46) | 47 | 2.15 | .04* | 0.33 |
| Scales | |||||||||
| Child-focusedb | 0.76 | 96 | 2.28 (0.91) | 58 | 2.05 (0.81) | 47 | 1.47 | ns | 0.23 |
| Parent-focusedc | 0.78 | 96 | 1.76 (0.63) | 58 | 1.56 (0.44) | 47 | 1.90 | ns | 0.33 |
| Subscales | |||||||||
| Perceptionsd | 0.65 | 96 | 2.14 (0.82) | 58 | 1.89 (0.72) | 47 | 2.24 | .03 | 0.31 |
| Future worriese | 0.69 | 96 | 2.55 (1.02) | 57 | 2.15 (1.04) | 46 | 1.81 | ns | 0.30 |
| Feelingsf | 0.86 | 96 | 1.63 (0.85) | 58 | 1.39 (0.57) | 47 | 2.02 | .05 | 0.32 |
|
| |||||||||
| (a1) People who know that my child has a urogenital condition treat him/her differently. | 96 | 1.76 (0.88) | 58 | 1.67 (0.85) | 47 | 0.30 | ns | 0.05 | |
| (a2) It really doesn't matter what I say to people about my child's urogenital condition, they usually have their minds made up. | 96 | 2.29 (1.13) | 58 | 2.09 (1.06) | 47 | 0.47 | ns | 0.08 | |
| (a3) In many people's minds, having a urogenital condition attaches a stigma or label to my child. | 96 | 2.80 (1.29) | 57 | 2.42 (1.05) | 46 | 2.40 | .02 | 0.33 | |
| (b1) I worry my child will look different from other teenagers or adults because of his/her urogenital condition. | 96 | 2.89 (1.26) | 57 | 2.47 (1.24) | 46 | 1.91 | ns | 0.28 | |
| (b2) I worry my child won't be/isn't able to do things he/she wants to do because of the urogenital condition. | 95 | 2.23 (1.13) | 57 | 1.82 (1.07) | 45 | 1.26 | ns | 0.23 | |
| (b3) I feel that I am odd or abnormal because of my child's urogenital condition. | 96 | 1.58 (1.01) | 57 | 1.30 (0.65) | 46 | 2.19 | .03 | 0.42 | |
| (b4) There have been times when I have felt ashamed about having a child with a urogenital condition. | 96 | 1.44 (0.86) | 58 | 1.31 (0.60) | 47 | 0.93 | ns | 0.15 | |
| (b5) I feel self-conscious about my child's urogenital condition. | 96 | 1.94 (1.17) | 57 | 1.53 (0.80) | 46 | 2.18 | .04 | 0.39 | |
| (b6**) People treat me the way they always have when they find out I have a child with a urogenital condition. | 91 | 2.20 (1.45) | 56 | 2.45 (1.64) | 44 | −1.02 | ns | −0.23 | |
| (b7) I feel embarrassed about my child's urogenital condition. | 95 | 1.57 (0.98) | 56 | 1.41 (0.78) | 44 | 0.93 | ns | 0.15 | |
| (b8) People look down on me because I have a child with a urogenital condition. | 98 | 1.28 (0.74) | 56 | 1.16 (0.46) | 45 | 1.96 | ns | 0.27 | |
| (b9) People say negative or unkind things about me behind my back because I have a child with a urogenital condition. | 94 | 1.29 (0.70) | 57 | 1.09 (0.29) | 46 | 2.23 | .03 | 0.37 | |
| (b10) I have been excluded from social gatherings because I have a child with a urogenital condition. | 94 | 1.17 (0.62) | 56 | 1.04 (0.19) | 45 | 2.01 | .05 | 0.38 | |
aPaired t-test; bconsisting of items a1–a3.; cconsisting of items b1–b10; dconsisting of items a2, a3, and b8;
econsisting of items b1 and b2; fconsisting of items b3–b5 and b7; *denoting P values that remain statistically significant after set-wise Bonferroni correction (or that are <.05 when correction not needed). **Indicating item is reverse scored.