Figure 1.

Onset of action of aclidinium, ipratropium, and tiotropium in isolated guinea pig trachea.

Notes: Contraction was induced with 10 μM carbachol and allowed to plateau before the addition of antagonists. Onset was defined as the time from antagonist addition to achieve inhibition of 50% (t_1/2) or 100% (t_max) of the contraction. Data are reported as mean ± SE; n=5–7. ***P<0.001 compared with first observational time point. Copyright © 2009. Reproduced from The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Gavaldà A, Miralpeix M, Ramos I, et al. Characterization of aclidinium bromide, a novel inhaled muscarinic antagonist, with long duration of action and a favorable pharmacological profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;331(2):740–751.18

Abbreviation: SE, standard error.