Table 3.
Characteristics of cross-sectional studies
| Author (year),reference study and year of conduct, quality score† | Country, study sample | Gender, age range or mean ± SD (years) | Sample size, assay | Mean or % 25OHD (nmol/L) | 25OHD (nmol/L) comparison | Primary endpoint: hypertension (mmHg) | OR (95% CI) | Confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Martins et al (2007),33 NHANES 1988–1994, 6 | US, general population | 48% male, 20–80 | 15,088, RIA | 75, 60%<75 | <53 vs ≧93 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.78 (0.67–0.88) | Age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, season, HTN treatment |
| Reis et al (2007),34 RBS 1997–1999, 5 | US, general population | 38% male, 44–96 | 1,070, CLIA | Male: 109 Female: 102 |
<78 vs ≧120 <88 vs ≧126 |
BP ≧130/85 | 1.28 (0.58–2.82) 1.01 (0.53–1.93) |
Age, abdominal obesity, PA, season, HTN treatment, diabetes status |
| Snijder et al (2007),35 LASA 1996, 6 | The Netherlands, general population | 50% male, 55–85 | 1,205, CLIA | 37%<50 | <25 vs ≧75 | BP ≧140/90 | 1.12 (0.59–2.13) | Age, gender, BMI, WC, PA, season, HTN treatment |
| Forman et al (2008),36 NHS2 1997–1999, 4 | US, nurses | 100% female, 32–52 | 1,484, CLIA | 68, 66%<75 | <42 vs ≧95 | Self-reported | 0.60 (0.40–0.90) | Age, BMI, PA, ethnicity, season |
| Hypponen et al (2008),37 1958 BBC 2002–2004, 5 | UK, general population | 48% male, 45–47 | 6,293, ELISA | Male: 54, Female: 52 | >27 vs ≧150 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.72 (0.61–0.85) | Age, gender, BMI, PA, season, HTN treatment |
| Lu et al (2009),38 NHAPC, 2005, 5 | People’s Republic of China, general population | 44% male, 50–70 | 3,262, RIA | 40, 70%<50 | <29 vs ≧58 | BP ≧130/85 | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | Age, gender, BMI, PA, season, HTN treatment, diabetes status |
| Pasco et al (2009),39 GOS 1994–1997, 5 | Australia, general population | 100% female, 20–92 | 861, RIA | 33%<50 | <53 vs ≧74 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.40 (0.22–0.70) | Age, weight, season, HTN treatment |
| Burgaz et al (2010),40 ULSAM 1991–1995, 6 | Sweden, general population | 100% male, 71±0.6 | 830, HPLC/MS | 70 | <38 vs ≧50–75 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.31 (0.09–1.11) | Age, BMI, PA, season, HTN treatment |
| Jorde et al (2010),25 Tromsø Study 2008, 4 | Norway, general population | 37% male, 25–84 | 4,125, ECLIA | 54 | <41 vs ≧63 | BP ≧160/95 | 0.87 (0.60–1.27) | Age, gender, BMI, PA, HTN treatment |
| Zhao et al (2010),41 NHANES 2003–2006, 6 | US, general population | 49% male, ≧20 | 7,228, RIA | 80 | <38 vs ≧75 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.80 (0.72–0.89) | Age, gender, BMI, PA, ethnicity, HTN treatment, diabetes status |
| Steinvil et al (2011),42 Maccabi Healthcare Services 2001–2008, 4 | Israel, general population | 23% male, 55±17 77% female, 55±15 |
34,874, RIA | 79% male <75 78% female <75 |
<38 vs ≧75 | BP ≧160/95 | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) 0.84 (0.76–0.92) |
Age, HTN treatment |
| Bhandari et al (2011),43 KPSCHP 2004–2006, 5 | US, general population | 31% male, >59 | 2,722, Nichols Advantage | 15%<75 | <37 vs ≧100 | BP ≧160/95 | 0.37 (0.19–0.88) | Age, gender, ethnicity, HTN treatment |
| Brock et al (2011),44 PLCO 1993–2001, 4 | US, general population | 53% male, 55–74 | 2,465, RIA | 29%<50 | <37 vs ≧80 | Self-report | 1.00 (0.70–1.40) | Age, gender, BMI, PA, season |
| Caro et al (2012),45 no name and year, 4 | Puerto Rico, clinic subjects | 15% male, 21–50 | 219, CLIA | 60%<75 | <75 vs ≧75 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.90 (0.29–2.86) | Age, gender, BMI, HTN treatment |
| Dorjgochoo et al (2012),46 SWHS 1997–2000, SMHS 2002–2006, 4 | People’s Republic of China, general population | 28% male, 40–75 | 1,460, CLIA | 96%<75 | <24 vs ≧51 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.86 (0.38–1.95) | Age, gender, BMI, PA, season, HTN treatment |
| Sumriddetchkajorn et al (2012),47 no name 1997, 4 | Thailand, factory employees | 14% male, 35–54 | 274, RIA | 36%<70 | <70 vs ≧70 | BP ≧140/90 | 1.82 (1.06–3.03) | Age, gender, BMI |
| Kim et al (2013),48 KNHANES 2009–2010, 5 | Korea, general population | 45% male, 50–90 | 4,513, RIA | 49, 53%<50 | <25 vs ≧50 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.80 (0.61–1.05) 0.76 (0.59–0.98) |
Age, BMI, PA, HTN treatment, |
| Kruger et al (2013),49 PURE 2005, 4 | South Africa, general population | 100% female, 58±9 | 291, Roche Elecsys | 63%<75 | <75 vs ≧75 | SBP ≧146 | 0.54 (0.31–0.95) | Age, BMI |
| Ke et al (2013),30 ATBC 1985–1993, 4 | Finland, general population | 100% male (smoker), 50–69 | 2,271, RIA | 69%<50 | <25 vs ≧80 | BP ≧140/90 | 0.90 (0.60–1.40) | Age, BMI, season |
Note:
Quality score based on Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.
Abbreviations: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; RBS, Rancho Bernardo Study; LASA, Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam; NHS2, Nurses’ Health Study 2; BBC, British Birth Cohort; NHAPC, Nutrition and Health of Aging Population in China; GOS, Geelong Osteoporosis Study; ULSAM, Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men; KPSCHP, Kaiser Permanente Southern California Health Plan; PLCO, Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial; SWHS, Shanghai Women’s Health Study; SMHS, Shanghai Men’s Health Study; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PURE, Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology Study; ATBC, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; SD, standard deviation; 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; RIA, radioimmunoassay; US, United States; UK, United Kingdom; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; PA, physical activity; WC, waist circumference; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; ECLIA, electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay; SBP, systolic blood pressure.