Table 5.
Characteristics of studies reporting linear relationship between blood pressure and 25OHD
| Author (year),reference study and year of conduct, quality score† | Country, study sample | Gender, age (range or mean ± SD) (years) | Sample size, assay | Mean or % 25OHD (nmol/L) | 25OHD (nmol/L) comparison | Effects of 25OHD
|
Confounders | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary endpoint: BP | Linear or logistic regression | |||||||
| Scragg et al (2007),50 NHANES III: 1988–1994, 6 | US, general population | 48% male, 20–80+ | 12,644, RIA | Male: 78; female: 73 | Continuous | ↓ SBP, ↓ DBP | SBP: β=−0.023*, DBP: β=−0.027* | Age, gender, PA, ethnicity, season |
| Hintzpeter et al (2008),51 GNHIES 1998, 6 | Germany, general population | 44% male, 18–79 | 4,030, CLIA | 45, 57% <50 | Per 10 nmol/L ↑ vitamin D | ↓ BP | Male: 0.97 (0.94–0.99), Female: 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | Age, season, HTN treatment |
| Almirall et al (2010),52 D’AVIS study 2006, 5 | Spain, general population | 47% male, 64–93 | 237, RIA | 86%<75 | Continuous | ↓ SBP, ↓ DBP | SBP: β=−0.29*, DBP: β=−0.15* | Age, gender, BMI, HTN treatment, diabetes |
| Fraser et al (2010),53 NHANES 2001–2002, 2003–2004, 2005–2006, 7 | US, general population | 48% male, 20–80+ | 3,958, RIA | 57 | Continuous | ↓ SBP, ↔ DBP | SBP: β=−0.032*, DBP: β=−0.002 | Age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, season, HTN treatment, diabetes status |
| Griffin (2011),23 MBHMS 1992–1993, 6 | US, general population | 100% female, 22–44 | 413, RIA | 59, 81%<75 | Continuous | ↔ SBP, ↔ DBP | SBP: β=−0.650, DBP: P>0.05 | Age, % body fat, season, HTN treatment |
| Kim et al (2010),26 Chungju city 2003–2007, 5 | Korea, general population | 38% male, 66±9 | 1,330, CLIA | 43 | Continuous | ↓ SBP, ↓ DBP | SBP: β=−0.150*, DBP: β=−0.120* | Age, gender, BMI, season |
| Li et al (2012),54 Dali city 2010, 5 | People’s Republic of China, factory employees | 60% male, 20–83 | 1,206, RIA | 75%<70 | Per 10 nmol/L ↑ vitamin D | ↔ BP | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | Age, gender, BMI, HTN treatment |
| Jungert et al (2012),55 GISELA 2008, 5 | Germany, general population | 32% male, 66–96 | 132, ECLIA | 21% male <50, 23% female <50 | Continuous | ↑ SBP (male), ↔ DBP (male), ↔ SBP (female), ↔ DBP (female) | SBP: β=−0.356* male, DBP: β=−0.198 male, SBP: β=−0.046 female, DBP: β=−0.104 female | Age, TBF, WHR, HTN treatment |
| Skaaby et al (2012),32 Inter99 1999–2004, 6 | Denmark, general population | 50% male, 30–60 | 4,330, HPLC | 47, female =50 | Per 10 nmol/L ↑ vitamin D | ↔ BP | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | Age, gender, BMI, PA, season |
| Margolis et al (2012),27 WHI 1993–1998, 5 | US, general population | 100% male, 50–79 | 2,153, CLIA | 54%<50 | Continuous | ↑ BP | HTN% vs 25OHD quartile, Chi-square P<0.01 | NA |
| Kim et al (2013),48 KNHANES 2009–2010, 5 | Korea, general population | 45% male, 50–90 | 4,513, RIA | 49, 53%<50 | Continuous | ↓ SBP, ↓ DBP | SBP: β=−0.128 male, DBP: β=−0.087* male, SBP: β=−0.156* female, DBP: β=−0.099* female | Age, weight, WC, PA, HTN treatment, diabetes status |
| Sakamoto et al (2013),56 AHS2 2003–2007, 5 | US, general population | 48% male, 30–95 | 568, RIA | Whites 15%<50, Black 55%,50 | Continuous | ↑ SBP, ↔ DBP | SBP: β=−0.250* (Whites), β=0.080 (Black), DBP: β=−0.110 (total) | Age, gender, BMI, HTN treatment |
| Wang et al (2013),29 PHS 1982–2009, 5 | US, physicians | 100% male, 40–84 | 660, RIA | Summer: 77, Winter: 56 | Continuous | ↔ SBP, ↔ DBP | No significant mean 25OHD difference | Age, BMI, PA, ethnicity, season, diabetes status |
| Sulistyoningrum et al (2013),57 M-CHAT 2006, 5 | Canada, general population | 48% male, 30–65 | 687, RIA | 39, 71%<50 | Continuous | ↓ SBP, ↓ DBP | SBP: β=−0.098*, DBP: β=−0.104* | Age, gender, BMI, PA, ethnicity |
Note:
Quality score based on Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.
P<0.05
Abbreviations: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; GNHIES, German National Health Interview and Examination Survey; D’AVIS, designed to analyze the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D; MBHMS, Michigan Bone Health and Metabolism; GISELA, Giessener Senioren Langzeitstudie; WHI, Women’s Health Initiative; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; AHS2, Adventist Health Study-2; PHS, Physicians’ Health Study; M-CHAT, Multi-cultural Community Health Assessment Trial; 25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; SD, standard deviation; US, United States; BP, blood pressure; RIA, radioimmunoassay; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PA, physical activity; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; HTN, hypertension; BMI, body mass index; ECLIA, electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay; TBF, total body fat; WHR, waist–hip ratio; HPLC, high-pressure liquid chromatography; WC, waist circumference; NA, not available.