Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 27.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2014 Oct 14;302:151–164. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.004

Figure 2. Social defeat induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in specific brain regions associated with fear and threat appraisal.

Figure 2

Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to six cycles of social defeat (RSD) or left undisturbed as controls (CON). Brains were collected 14 h after RSD and positive VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression were determined. Representative images of A) VCAM-1 and B) ICAM-1 labeling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and primary motor cortex (M1 CTX) are shown. The percent positive area for VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 labeling in the C) PFC, D) PVN, and E) M1-CTX was determined. Bars represent average ± SEM. Means with an asterisk (*) are significantly different from respective CON (p < 0.05).