Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics and Difference of Proportions tests for Variables Included in Sample, 2011-2012
| Past Year Nonmedical Opioid Use | County Type | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Sample (N=47,440) | No (N=43,169) | Yes (N=4,271) | p-value | Urban (N=37,586) | Rural (N=9,854) | p-value | |
| Non-medical use of prescription opioids | 5.7 | ------ | ------ | ------ | 5.9 | 4.9 | 0.0002 |
| County Type | |||||||
| Urban | 84.0 | 83.9 | 86.3 | <.0001 | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| Rural | 16.0 | 16.1 | 13.7 | <.0001 | ------ | ------ | ------ |
| DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| non-Hispanic white | 74.0 | 73.8 | 76.2 | 0.0005 | 71.5 | 87.0 | <.0001 |
| non-Hispanic black | 11.6 | 11.8 | 9.3 | <.0001 | 12.5 | 7.1 | <.0001 |
| Hispanic | 14.4 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 0.812 | 16.0 | 5.9 | <.0001 |
| Age | |||||||
| 18-25 | 15.1 | 14.0 | 34.1 | <.0001 | 15.4 | 13.6 | <.0001 |
| 26-34 | 16.8 | 16.1 | 28.2 | <.0001 | 17.0 | 15.6 | 0.0007 |
| 35-49 | 27.3 | 27.3 | 24.1 | <.0001 | 27.4 | 26.0 | 0.006 |
| 50 and older | 40.9 | 42.6 | 13.5 | <.0001 | 40.2 | 44.8 | <.0001 |
| Female | 49.2 | 49.6 | 43.3 | <.0001 | 49.2 | 49.3 | 0.873 |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Married | 52.0 | 53.3 | 29.6 | <.0001 | 51.2 | 55.7 | <.0001 |
| Divorced, separated, widowed | 20.0 | 20.2 | 16.2 | <.0001 | 19.6 | 22.1 | <.0001 |
| Never married | 28.1 | 26.5 | 54.2 | <.0001 | 29.2 | 22.2 | <.0001 |
| Number of people in household | 3.00 (1.40) | 2.99 (1.42) | 3.28 (1.12) | <.0001 | 3.03 (1.44) | 2.87 (1.20) | <.0001 |
| Any children in household | 39.0 | 38.8 | 42.6 | <.0001 | 39.4 | 37.0 | <.0001 |
| HUMAN CAPITAL & RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Family Income | |||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 18.4 | 18.1 | 24.1 | <.0001 | 17.6 | 22.7 | <.0001 |
| $20,000-39,999 | 21.1 | 20.9 | 25.4 | <.0001 | 20.1 | 26.7 | <.0001 |
| $40,000-74,999 | 28.0 | 28.1 | 27.1 | 0.177 | 27.7 | 29.9 | <.0001 |
| $75,000 or more | 32.4 | 32.9 | 23.4 | <.0001 | 34.6 | 20.6 | <.0001 |
| Any public assistance in past year | 20.1 | 19.4 | 31.3 | <.0001 | 19.3 | 24.1 | <.0001 |
| Educational attainment | |||||||
| Less than high school | 13.0 | 12.8 | 17.4 | <.0001 | 12.3 | 16.7 | <.0001 |
| High school grad/some college | 57.7 | 57.4 | 63.1 | <.0001 | 56.4 | 64.5 | <.0001 |
| College graduate | 29.3 | 29.9 | 19.5 | <.0001 | 31.3 | 18.8 | <.0001 |
| Employment status | |||||||
| Employed | 67.0 | 66.8 | 71.0 | <.0001 | 68.0 | 62.0 | <.0001 |
| Unemployed | 8.1 | 7.7 | 14.9 | <.0001 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 0.524 |
| Disabled | 5.6 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 0.015 | 5.0 | 8.5 | <.0001 |
| In School | 2.6 | 2.5 | 4.3 | <.0001 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.0003 |
| Keeping house or retired | 16.8 | 17.5 | 5.0 | <.0001 | 16.3 | 19.2 | <.0001 |
| Works in manual labor occupation | 6.8 | 6.7 | 10.3 | <.0001 | 6.6 | 8.4 | <.0001 |
| Has health insurance | 83.2 | 83.9 | 71.7 | <.0001 | 83.5 | 81.5 | <.0001 |
| RISK/SANCTIONS | |||||||
| Perceives that heroin is easy to obtain | 17.3 | 16.8 | 25.7 | <.0001 | 17.6 | 15.6 | <.0001 |
| Perceives heroin use as risky | 84.3 | 85.0 | 73.3 | <.0001 | 84.3 | 84.5 | 0.610 |
| Ever been arrested and booked for breaking law | 22.8 | 21.6 | 43.4 | <.0001 | 22.5 | 24.6 | <.0001 |
| # of religious services attended in past year | |||||||
| None | 40.3 | 39.8 | 49.7 | <.0001 | 40.5 | 39.5 | 0.061 |
| 1-5 | 20.6 | 20.3 | 25.5 | <.0001 | 20.9 | 19.0 | <.0001 |
| 6-24 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 11.0 | <.0001 | 13.6 | 12.9 | 0.088 |
| more than 24 | 25.7 | 26.4 | 13.9 | <.0001 | 25.1 | 28.6 | <.0001 |
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||
| Poor/fair self-rated health | 13.2 | 13.1 | 14.1 | 0.071 | 12.4 | 17.1 | <.0001 |
| Psychological distress | 11.9 | 10.9 | 29.4 | <.0001 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 0.130 |
| Had at least one emergency room visit in past year | 29.0 | 28.3 | 41.7 | <.0001 | 28.4 | 32.3 | <.0001 |
| SUBSTANCE USE | |||||||
| Nicotine use | 40.9 | 38.9 | 73.2 | <.0001 | 40.1 | 44.8 | <.0001 |
| Alcohol use | 76.1 | 75.2 | 91.6 | <.0001 | 77.5 | 68.8 | <.0001 |
| Marijuana use | 16.4 | 13.9 | 57.7 | <.0001 | 17.1 | 12.9 | <.0001 |
| Any illicit drug use (not incl. marijuana) | 4.2 | 2.7 | 29.2 | <.0001 | 4.6 | 2.6 | <.0001 |
| Non-medical use of other non-opioids | 4.2 | 2.1 | 38.1 | <.0001 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 0.003 |
| Age of first cigarette use | |||||||
| Never used | 21.6 | 22.5 | 7.4 | <.0001 | 21.8 | 20.2 | 0.0005 |
| under 18 | 57.3 | 56.2 | 75.1 | <.0001 | 56.7 | 60.7 | <.0001 |
| 18-25 | 19.4 | 19.7 | 16.2 | <.0001 | 19.9 | 17.3 | <.0001 |
| older than 25 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.301 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.745 |
| Age of first alcohol use | |||||||
| Never used | 7.9 | 8.3 | 1.9 | <.0001 | 7.6 | 9.8 | <.0001 |
| under 18 | 58.7 | 57.3 | 81.9 | <.0001 | 59.1 | 56.4 | <.0001 |
| 18-25 | 31.7 | 32.7 | 15.8 | <.0001 | 31.6 | 31.9 | 0.576 |
| older than 25 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.5 | <.0001 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.062 |
| Age of first illicit drug use | |||||||
| Never used | 36.4 | 38.1 | 8.5 | <.0001 | 35.4 | 42.1 | <.0001 |
| under 18 | 36.4 | 34.3 | 70.0 | <.0001 | 37.0 | 32.8 | <.0001 |
| 18-25 | 23.3 | 23.6 | 20.0 | 0.019 | 23.8 | 20.7 | <.0001 |
| older than 25 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 1.5 | <.0001 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 0.016 |
Notes: Two-tailed difference of proportions t-tests; weighted