Table 2.
Odds Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals from Logistic Regression Models Predicting POM
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| County Type (urban=ref) | |||||||||
| Rural | 0.845 | 0.734-0.972 | 0.019 | 0.745 | 0.644-0.861 | <.001 | 0.770 | 0.664-0.892 | <.001 |
| DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||||
| Race/Ethnicity (non-Hispanic white=ref) | |||||||||
| non-Hispanic black | 0.575 | 0.475-0.696 | <.001 | 0.479 | 0.392-0.584 | <.001 | 0.494 | 0.404-0.603 | <.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.661 | 0.557-0.786 | <.001 | 0.573 | 0.480-0.684 | <.001 | 0.631 | 0.528-0.754 | <.001 |
| Age (18-25=ref) | |||||||||
| 26-34 | 0.920 | 0.803-1.054 | 0.229 | 0.908 | 0.790-1.043 | 0.173 | 0.795 | 0.691-0.914 | 0.001 |
| 35-49 | 0.518 | 0.437-0.613 | <.001 | 0.512 | 0.433-0.606 | <.001 | 0.458 | 0.387-0.542 | <.001 |
| 50 and older | 0.191 | 0.115-0.251 | <.001 | 0.219 | 0.165-0.290 | <.001 | 0.220 | 0.166-0.291 | <.001 |
| Female | 0.802 | 0.716-0.897 | <.001 | 0.882 | 0.782-0.995 | 0.041 | 1.081 | 0.958-1.220 | 0.206 |
| Marital status (married=ref) | |||||||||
| Divorced, separated, widowed | 1.892 | 1.547-2.315 | <.001 | 1.515 | 1.227-1.870 | <.001 | 1.372 | 1.108-1.697 | 0.004 |
| Never married | 1.999 | 1.681-2.378 | <.001 | 1.682 | 1.413-2.002 | <.001 | 1.477 | 1.243-1.756 | <.001 |
| Number of people in household | 1.087 | 1.033-1.144 | 0.001 | 1.046 | 0.992-1.104 | 0.098 | 1.049 | 0.994-1.107 | 0.081 |
| Any children in household | 0.895 | 0.764-1.047 | 0.165 | 0.844 | 0.720-0.989 | 0.036 | 0.859 | 0.732-1.007 | 0.060 |
| HUMAN CAPITAL & RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS | |||||||||
| Family Income ($75,000 or more=ref) | |||||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 1.011 | 0.833-1.227 | 0.913 | 1.012 | 0.832-1.231 | 0.904 | |||
| $20,000-39,999 | 1.142 | 0.944-1.381 | 0.172 | 1.131 | 0.934-1.369 | 0.207 | |||
| $40,000-74,999 | 1.116 | 0.939-1.327 | 0.214 | 1.115 | 0.936-1.328 | 0.221 | |||
| Any public assistance in past year | 1.595 | 1.374-1.852 | <.001 | 1.456 | 1.248-1.699 | <.001 | |||
| Educational attainment (college=ref) | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 1.499 | 1.202-1.870 | <.001 | 1.288 | 1.032-1.609 | 0.026 | |||
| High school graduate | 1.318 | 1.109-1.566 | 0.002 | 1.200 | 1.008-1.428 | 0.040 | |||
| Employment status (employed=ref) | |||||||||
| Unemployed | 1.277 | 1.091-1.496 | 0.002 | 1.182 | 1.009-1.385 | 0.039 | |||
| Disabled | 0.904 | 0.665-1.228 | 0.517 | 0.835 | 0.613-1.138 | 0.254 | |||
| In School | 0.838 | 0.682-1.029 | 0.091 | 0.894 | 0.728-1.098 | 0.286 | |||
| Keeping house or retired | 0.514 | 0.386-0.684 | <.001 | 0.526 | 0.396-0.698 | <.001 | |||
| Manual labor occupation | 1.268 | 1.028-1.565 | 0.027 | 1.225 | 0.990-1.515 | 0.062 | |||
| Has health insurance | 0.812 | 0.712-0.926 | 0.002 | 0.861 | 0.755-0.982 | 0.026 | |||
| RISK/SANCTIONS | |||||||||
| Perceives that heroin is easy to obtain | 1.536 | 1.347-1.752 | <.001 | ||||||
| Perceives heroin use as risky | 0.554 | 0.486-0.631 | <.001 | ||||||
| Ever been arrested and booked for breaking law | 2.118 | 1.880-2.387 | <.001 | ||||||
| # of religious services attended in past year (none=ref) | |||||||||
| 1-5 | 1.125 | 0.981-1.290 | 0.092 | ||||||
| 6-24 | 0.822 | 0.680-0.993 | 0.042 | ||||||
| more than 24 | 0.735 | 0.613-0.881 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Pseudo R-square | 0.083 | 0.099 | 0.126 | ||||||
| Model 4 | Model 5 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| County Type (urban=ref) | ||||||
| Rural | 0.768 | 0.662-0.892 | 0.001 | 0.886 | 0.746-1.052 | 0.167 |
| DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
| Race/Ethnicity (non-Hispanic white=ref) | ||||||
| non-Hispanic black | 0.514 | 0.421-0.628 | <.001 | 0.799 | 0.641-0.998 | 0.048 |
| Hispanic | 0.667 | 0.558-0.798 | <.001 | 0.941 | 0.778-1.139 | 0.534 |
| Age (18-25=ref) | ||||||
| 26-34 | 0.814 | 0.707-0.938 | 0.004 | 1.017 | 0.859-1.203 | 0.846 |
| 35-49 | 0.490 | 0.413-0.582 | <.001 | 0.777 | 0.636-0.948 | 0.013 |
| 50 and older | 0.250 | 0.187-0.333 | <.001 | 0.502 | 0.370-0.682 | <.001 |
| Female | 0.983 | 0.869-1.112 | 0.789 | 1.058 | 0.917-1.220 | 0.442 |
| Marital status (married=ref) | ||||||
| Divorced, separated, widowed | 1.294 | 1.041-1.607 | 0.020 | 1.150 | 0.909-1.454 | 0.245 |
| Never married | 1.471 | 1.235-1.751 | <.001 | 1.103 | 0.901-1.349 | 0.342 |
| Number of people in household | 1.044 | 0.989-1.101 | 0.121 | 1.029 | 0.965-1.097 | 0.388 |
| Any children in household | 0.875 | 0.747-1.025 | 0.098 | 0.989 | 0.826-1.185 | 0.907 |
| HUMAN CAPITAL & RESOURCE CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
| Family Income ($75,000 or more=ref) | ||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 0.943 | 0.774-1.150 | 0.563 | 0.954 | 0.759-1.199 | 0.688 |
| $20,000-39,999 | 1.087 | 0.897-1.318 | 0.395 | 1.231 | 0.994-1.524 | 0.057 |
| $40,000-74,999 | 1.089 | 0.913-1.298 | 0.343 | 1.225 | 1.005-1.493 | 0.044 |
| Any public assistance in past year | 1.355 | 1.160-1.583 | <.001 | 1.386 | 1.164-1.651 | <.001 |
| Educational attainment (college=ref) | ||||||
| Less than high school | 1.213 | 0.971-1.517 | 0.090 | 1.336 | 1.034-1.726 | 0.027 |
| High school graduate | 1.165 | 0.978-1.517 | 0.087 | 1.148 | 0.944-1.397 | 0.166 |
| Employment status (employed=ref) | ||||||
| Unemployed | 1.113 | 0.949-1.306 | 0.118 | 0.962 | 0.801-1.155 | 0.679 |
| Disabled | 0.610 | 0.448-0.832 | 0.002 | 0.596 | 0.417-0.852 | 0.005 |
| In School | 0.895 | 0.726-1.103 | 0.298 | 0.820 | 0.638-1.054 | 0.121 |
| Keeping house or retired | 0.516 | 0.388-0.685 | <.001 | 0.658 | 0.481-0.899 | 0.009 |
| Manual labor occupation | 1.248 | 1.006-1.548 | 0.044 | 1.387 | 1.104-1.743 | 0.005 |
| Has health insurance | 0.859 | 0.753-0.981 | 0.025 | 0.931 | 0.802-1.079 | 0.341 |
| RISK/SANCTIONS | ||||||
| Perceives that heroin is easy to obtain | 1.436 | 1.255-1.642 | <.001 | 1.213 | 1.034-1.422 | 0.018 |
| Perceives heroin use as risky | 0.550 | 0.482-0.628 | <.001 | 0.582 | 0.499-0.678 | <.001 |
| Ever been arrested and booked for breaking law | 2.003 | 1.776-2.258 | <.001 | 1.206 | 1.051-1.384 | 0.008 |
| # of religious services attended in past year (none=ref) | ||||||
| 1-5 | 1.116 | 0.972-1.281 | 0.119 | 1.236 | 1.057-1.446 | 0.008 |
| 6-24 | 0.810 | 0.668-0.983 | 0.033 | 0.976 | 0.782-1.217 | 0.826 |
| more than 24 | 0.751 | 0.626-0.902 | 0.002 | 1.191 | 0.975-1.454 | 0.087 |
| CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
| Poor/fair self-rated health | 1.136 | 0.946-1.364 | 0.172 | 1.148 | 0.931-1.417 | 0.197 |
| Psychological distress | 2.107 | 1.848-2.402 | <.001 | 1.544 | 1.328-1.794 | <.001 |
| At least one visit to emergency room in past year | 1.465 | 1.303-1.647 | <.001 | 1.347 | 1.183-1.535 | <.001 |
| SUBSTANCE USE | ||||||
| Nicotine use | 1.321 | 1.116-1.564 | 0.001 | |||
| Alcohol use | 1.485 | 1.124-1.963 | 0.005 | |||
| Marijuana use | 2.137 | 1.835-1.963 | <.001 | |||
| Any illicit drug use (not incl. marijuana) | 2.128 | 1.779-2.545 | <.001 | |||
| Non-medical use of other non-opioids | 10.378 | 8.672-12.420 | <.001 | |||
| Age of first cigarette use (never used=ref) | ||||||
| under 18 | 1.015 | 0.754-1.365 | 0.924 | |||
| 18-25 | 0.937 | 0.689-1.274 | 0.676 | |||
| older than 25 | 1.435 | 0.650-3.167 | 0.372 | |||
| Age of first alcohol use (never used=ref) | ||||||
| under 18 | 0.951 | 0.533-1.697 | 0.865 | |||
| 18-25 | 0.802 | 0.459-1.402 | 0.439 | |||
| older than 25 | 0.883 | 0.345-2.256 | 0.795 | |||
| Age of first illicit drug use (never used=ref) | ||||||
| under 18 | 2.009 | 1.514-2.666 | <.001 | |||
| 18-25 | 1.647 | 1.230-2.204 | 0.001 | |||
| older than 25 | 1.207 | 0.665-2.191 | 0.536 | |||
| Pseudo R-square | 0.142 | 0.298 | ||||
Notes: two tailed tests, weighted
Notes: two tailed tests, weighted