Table 1. Gene Expression Studies in Kidney Transplant Rejection.
| Study group | Number of subjects | Groups | Gene | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine | ||||
| Li (4) | 84 | 22 AR 63 Controls |
Granzyme B Perforin |
Both increased in AR |
| Muthukumar (5) | 87 | 29 AR 58 Controls |
Serine proteinase inhibitor-9 (PI-9) | Increased in AR |
| Ding (6) | 79 | 30 AR 49 other/ SF |
CD 103 | Increased in AR |
| Kotsch (7) | 35 | 14 AR 21 no AR |
Granulysin | Increased in AR |
| Tatapudi (8) | 82 | 24 AR 58 no AR |
IP-10 CXCR 3 | Increased in AR |
| Muthukumar (9) | 83 | 36 AR 29 normal |
FOXP3 | Increased in AR |
| Seiler (10) | 109 | 52 AR 42 no AR 10 UTI 5 CMV 8 ATN |
NKG2D | Increased with and prior to AR |
| Renesto (11) | 72 | 30 AR 30 no AR 12 SF |
TIM-3 | Increased in AR |
| Suthanthiran (12) | 485 | 321 for cause/89 surveillance 63 AR 259 No AR |
CD3ε IP-10 18s ribosomal RNA |
3 gene signature with AR |
| Matignon et al (13) | 84 | 26 ACR 26 AMR 32 ATN |
CD3ε CD105 TLR4 CD14 complement factor B vimentin |
6 gene signature with AR |
| Lorenzen (15) | 94 | 62 AR 19 controls 13 UTI |
miR-210 | Increased in subclinical AR |
| Blood and PBMCs | ||||
| Vasconcellos (18) | 25 | 11 AR 20 no AR |
Granzyme B Perforin Fas ligand |
Increased with AR |
| Dugre (19) | 61 | 8 AR 13 no AR |
IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IFN-γ Perforin Granzyme B |
Increased with AR |
| Shoker (20) | 57 | 20 SF 25 AR or CAN 12 normal controls |
CD40L | Increased in AR and CAN |
| Luo (21) | 62 | 24 AR 20 no AR 18 stable |
TIM-3 | Increased in AR |
| Garcia Moreira (22) | 100 | 19 AR 81 no AR |
Total Cell-free DNA (tCF-DNA) |
tCF-DNA levels with and prior to AR |
| Flechner (24) | 32 | 7 AR 8 no AR 8 healthy controls |
DNA microarray | Signature with AR |
| Li (25, 26) | 367 | 115 AR 180 SF 72 graft injury from other causes |
DNA microarray | 5 gene signature with AR |
| Kurian (27) | 148 | 63 AR 39 graft dysfunction from other causes 46 SF |
DNA microarray | Gene signature with AR |
| Betts (32) | 12 | 8 AR 4 no AR |
miR-223 and miR-10a | Reduced with AR |
AR = acute rejection, SCR = subclinical acute rejection, SF = stable function, UTI = urinary tract infection, ATN = acute tubular necrosis, CMV = cytomegalovirus infection, BKPVN = BK polyomavirus nephropathy