Table 2. General Characteristics According to Education Level.
| Total | E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 14123 | 4269 | 1727 | 4247 | 3880 | - |
| Age (yrs) | 52.1±0.1 | 65.3±0.2 | 55.4±0.3 | 46.4±0.2 | 41.6±0.2 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 48.8 | 31.7 | 50 | 51 | 59 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0±0.04 | 24.1±0.08 | 24.2±0.10 | 23.9±0.07 | 23.6±0.07 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 82.4±0.1 | 83.6±0.2 | 83.5±0.3 | 81.5±0.2 | 81.1±0.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 121±0.2 | 129±0.4 | 123±0.5 | 118±0.3 | 115±0.3 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 77.5±0.1 | 76.4±0.2 | 78.4±0.3 | 77.9±0.2 | 77.0±0.2 | 0.001 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 100±0.3 | 103±0.5 | 103±0.8 | 98±0.4 | 94±0.4 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 193±0.5 | 195±0.8 | 194±1.2 | 192±0.8 | 190±0.7 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 142±1.3 | 148±2.3 | 147±3.4 | 140±2.5 | 134±2.3 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 118±0.8 | 118±1.7 | 118±2.0 | 117±1.3 | 117±1.2 | 0.794 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 49±0.1 | 47±0.2 | 49±0.4 | 49±0.2 | 49±0.2 | <0.001 |
| Daily energy intake (kcal) | 2014±12 | 1690±20 | 2025±30 | 2106±19 | 2237±20 | <0.001 |
| Daily carbohydrate intake (g) | 327±2 | 307±4 | 332±4 | 330±3 | 339±3 | <0.001 |
| Family history of DM | 20.8 | 12.8 | 19.0 | 21.6 | 25.9 | <0.001 |
| Current smokers (%) | 24.7 | 15.1 | 24.1 | 28.4 | 28.1 | <0.001 |
| Frequent drinkers (%) | 24.6 | 18.3 | 28.4 | 28 | 24.1 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (%) | 48 | 32.8 | 46.8 | 50.5 | 56.9 | <0.001 |
| Residence in urban area (%) | 78.2 | 62.1 | 73.7 | 80.8 | 89 | <0.001 |
| Stressed (%) | 26 | 26 | 21 | 25 | 29 | 0.001 |
| Depression (%) | 14 | 21 | 16 | 13 | 10 | <0.01 |
| DM (%) | 7.7±0.3 | 15.4±0.7 | 11.4±0.9 | 5.5±0.4 | 3.1±0.3 | <0.001 |
N, unweighted number of individuals; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumstance; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglycerides; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; DM, diabetes mellitus.
E1 (less than 7 years of education), E2 (7-9 years of education), E3 (10-12 years of education), and E4 (more than 12 years of education). Values are presented as mean±standard error or percentage.
*p-value by general linear model for continuous variables and multivariate logistic regression for categorical variables.