Fig. 1. Mean visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores measured before surgery, immediately after surgery (at 3 and 10 hours), and on days 1 to 5 after surgery (at 6 AM and 6 PM). There were no significant differences between the two groups in VAS pain scores for the first 5 days after surgery, although the zolpidem group had lower VAS pain scores than the control group. POD, postoperative day.
