Table 2.
Summary of measured glycocalyx components, catecholamines and ECIS resistance
| Healthy controls (N = 5) | Normal COP (N = 11) | Low COP (N = 11) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma COP (mmHg) | 21.2 (19.1, 21.3) | 21.6 (16.2, 21.9) | 12.4 (10.7, 13.9)a,b | <0.001 |
| Chondroitin sulfate (U/L) | 22.9 (22.5, 23.3) | 32.3 (31.3, 33.7)a | 32.7 (27.6, 33.9)a | 0.003 |
| Heparan sulfate (ng/ml) | 133.9 (130.5, 138.3) | 180.0 (176.4, 185.9)a | 176.7 (151.5, 185.8)a | 0.003 |
| Hyaluronic acid (ng/ml) | 627.6 (484.1, 753.1) | 93.5 (49.0, 885.4) | 380.9 (216.6, 682.4)a,b | 0.035 |
| Syndecan-1 (ng/ml) | 31.6 ± 15.3* | 34.6 (19.3, 43.1) | 221.7 (88.3, 477.4)a,b | <0.001 |
| Adrenaline (ng/ml) | 72.1 ± 99.2† | 90.5 (58.7, 226.9) | 805.8 (659.3, 4319.3)a,b | 0.014 |
| Noradrenaline (ng/ml) | 282 ± 454.7† | 739.8 (189.5, 1006.2) | 987.1 (352.3, 1187.4) | 0.245 |
| TEER (Ωcm 2 ) | 1066.3 (1057.8, 1074.8) | 1101.6 (1089.6, 1115.5) | 1067.3b (1043.7, 1096.4) | 0.016 |
| Normalized TEER | 1.30 (1.29, 1.31) | 1.35 (1.33, 1.38) | 1.31 (1.27, 1.33) | 0.016 |
Median and IQR values are reported for each group. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess differences between groups (p-values shown). Multiple comparisons were also made: first comparing trauma patients to healthy controls and then comparing Low COP to Normal COP; aindicates significant difference from healthy controls, bindicates significant difference between Low and Normal COP groups (p < 0.05).
*Reference value for syndecan-1 levels in healthy volunteers was provided by Abcam.
†Adrenaline and noradrenaline healthy control values were obtained from Ostrowski et al. 2013 [16].