Table 1.

Antagonism of IFN signaling by human γ-herpesvirsues

Virus	ORF	Gene product	Functional mechanism(s)
	K9	vIRF-1	Suppresses IRF-1 and IRF-3 transactivational activity; inhibits IRF3 nuclear translocation; inhibits TLR3-driven IFN-β promoter activation and IFNβ production; downregulates TLR4
	K11.1/K11	vIRF-2	Suppresses IRF-1 and IRF-3 transactivational activity; inhibits TLR3-driven IFN-β promoter activation and IFNβ production; inhibits PKR function
	K10.5/K10.6	vIRF-3	Inhibits IRF7 DNA binding and function; Inhibits IRF5-mediated promoter activation
	ORF45	ORF45	Prevents phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF7
KSHV	ORF50	RTA	Promotes IRF7 ubiquitination and degradation; degrades the TLR3/4 adaptor TRIF
	ORF63		Disrupts formation and activity of the NLRP1 inflammasome
	ORF64		Suppresses RIG-I-mediated signaling
	ORF73	LANA1	Prevents IRF3-mediated induction of IFN-β during latency
	ORF74	vGPCR	Downregulates TLR4
	ORFK8	K-bZIP	Prevents IRF3-mediated induction of IFN-β during virus reactivation
	miR-K9		Downregulates MyD88 and IRAK1
	BGLF4	PK	Binds and suppresses IRF3 transactivational activity; inhibits of IFN-β production
	BGLF5	DNase	Degrades TLR9 transcript
	BZLF1	Zta	Binds and suppresses IRF7 transactivational activity
EBV	BRLF1	Rta	Inhibits IRF3 and IRF7 transcription; inhibits IFN-β production during lytic infection.
	LF2	LF2	Prevents IRF7 dimerization and IFN-α production
	LMP1	LMP1	Negatively regulates IFN response via induction of miR-146a; downregulates TLR9
	LMP2A/2B	LMP2A/2B	Enhances turnover of type I/II IFN receptors