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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014 Aug 7;0:155–171. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.012

Table 1.

Methods used for ex vivo culture of ES cells

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Patient PDX 3D 2D
Bioengineered 3D Scaffolds MCTS
Complexity Organism Xenograft Organ/Tissue Multicellular aggregate Cellular
Substrate NA (Orthotopic/Heterothopic) Synthetic Fibers (e.g. PCL) Biological Gels (e.g. Matrigel, Collagen, Laminin rich gels) Plastic or Glass
Cell Type NA Homotypic/Heterotypic Homotypic/Heterotypic Homotypic/Heterotypic Homotypic
Tumor Niche Physiologic Chimeric: Animal/Human Yes Limited No
Biology Studies Limited Yes (Costly) Yes (Specialized techniques) Limited No
Preclinical Drug Testing (correlation with human trials) NA High (Low throughput) Intermediate (Intermediate throughput) Intermediate (High throughput) Low (High throughput)
Biomarker development Yes Yes Unknown No No
Personalized Medicine (CLIA-certified) Yes Yes No No No