Table 2.

Organoids used to study normal physiology and diseases

Organoid Type (Organ)	Disease Modeling	Cell Type	Scaffold Type	Bioreactor	Growth Factor/Nutrients	Reference/Journal
Brain	Microcephaly	hESC, hPSC,	Matrigel	Spinning	hbFGF, RA	Nature1
Liver	Cirrhosis	iPSC-LB, iPSC-Hes, HUVECs, hMSC	Matrigel/Collagen IV	NA	hbFGF, hBMP4, HGF, oncostatin-M	Nature2
Kidney	Polycystic kidney	hESC, iPSC	Matrigel coated plate	NA	BMP4, FGF2, RA, Activin A, BMP2	Nature Cell Biology3
Eye (Retinal)	Degenerative diseases	hESC, hiPSC	Laminin coated dishes	NA	BMP4, WNT3a	PNAS4
Intestinal	Gut Defects, IBD, Transplantation,	hESC, iPSC,	Matrigel	NA	FGF4, WNT3a, Activin A, R-Spondin-1, Noggin, EGF	Nature5
	colon rectal cancer	Colorectal tumor cells	Collagen coated dishes	NA	EGF, bFGF	Gastroenterology6
Lung	Lung cancer	AEC, E14.5 lung single-cell suspension	In vivo Kidney capsule	NA	NA	JCI7

Abbreviations: IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; hESC, human embryonic stem cells; hPSC, human pluripotent stem cells; iPSC-LB, induced pluripotent stem cells- liver buds; iPSC-Hes, induced pluripotent stem cells-hepatic endoderm cells, HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; hMSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; hbFGF, human basic fibroblast growth factor, hBMP4, human bone morphogenetic protein 4; HGF, human growth factor; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; RA, retinoic acid; BMP2, Bone morphogenetic protein 2; Wnt3a, wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 3A; FGF4, fibroblast growth factor 4; EGF, endothelial growth factor; AEC, alveolar epithelial cells.

References:

¹Lancaster MA & al. Nature. 501, 373-379 (2013)

²Takebe T & al. Nature. 499, 481-499 (2013)

³Xia Y & al. Nature Cell biology. 15, 1507-1516 (2013)

⁴Meyer JS & al. PNAS. 106, 16698-16703 (2009)

⁵Spence JR et al. Nature. 470, 105-108 (2011)

⁶Sato T & al. Gastroenterology. 141, 1762-1772 (2011)

⁷Chapman et al. JCI. 121, 2855-2862 (2011).