Table 1.

Relevant risks and developmental period for illustrative preventive interventions by age group

	Pre-adolescence	Early adolescence (11–13 years)	Late adolescence (14–18 and 19–24 years)
Prevention policies
Address structural risks	··	Access to contraceptives and increased tax on alcohol	Graduated driving and legal drinking age 21 years
Prevention programmes
Address intermediate and individual risks
Family and individual	Nurse Family Partnership (0–2 years), early childhood education (3–5 years), New Beginnings (9–12 years)	Functional Family Therapy, Strengthening Families Program (10–14 years)	Functional Family Therapy, Nurse Family Partnership (adolescent mother impact)
School and individual	Seattle Social Development Project (6–11 years)	Gatehouse Project	Conditional cash-transfer programmes
Peer and individual	Computer-based intervention (10–12 years)	Unplugged, Life Skills Training, Positive Training Through Holistic Social Programmes	Stepping Stones and Sistering, Informing, Healing, Loving and Empowering