Table 2.
Comparison Between the High Stress Group and the Reference Group
| Variables | High stress group (n = 2219) | Reference group (n = 21 479) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr)a | 43.84 (± 10.07) | 46.75 (± 10.51) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex (n [%]) | 1882 (84.8) | 13 089 (60.9) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)a | 24.01 (± 3.16) | 24.45 (± 3.24) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 25 (n [%]) | 888 (40.3) | 7503 (35.1) | < 0.001 |
| < 18.5 (n [%]) | 60 (2.7) | 590 (2.8) | 0.993 |
| Past history of cancer (n [%]) | 36 (1.6) | 474 (2.2) | 0.081 |
| Smoking (n [%]) | < 0.001 | ||
| Non-smoker | 621 (30.8) | 9467 (49.6) | |
| Past smoker | 599 (29.8) | 5121 (26.9) | |
| Current smoker | 793 (39.4) | 4484 (23.5) | |
| Alcohol (n [%]) | < 0.001 | ||
| Non-drinker | 211 (9.8) | 3984 (19.4) | |
| Social drinker | 1792 (83.1) | 15 707 (76.5) | |
| Heavy drinker | 154 (7.1) | 834 (4.1) | |
| Comorbidity (n [%]) | |||
| Diabetes | 142 (6.4) | 1172 (5.5) | 0.069 |
| Hypertension | 327 (14.7) | 3430 (16.0) | 0.136 |
| Congestive heart disease | 57 (2.6) | 510 (2.4) | 0.564 |
| Stroke | 17 (0.8) | 157 (0.7) | 0.808 |
| Dyslipidemia | 302 (13.6) | 2699 (12.6) | 0.158 |
| Medication (n [%]) | |||
| Antiplatelet agent | 86 (3.9) | 1191 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 5 (0.2) | 66 (0.3) | 0.682 |
| NSAID | 155 (7.0) | 1030 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
| K-BDI level ≥ 10 (n [%]) | 432 (20.5) | 825 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Digestive diseases (n [%]) | |||
| Functional dyspepsia | 1043 (48.2) | 6113 (29.4) | < 0.001 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 918 (46.5) | 4648 (24.7) | < 0.001 |
| Colorectal adenoma and carcinoma | 513 (23.1) | 5141 (23.9) | 0.402 |
| Stomach adenoma and carcinoma | 13 (0.6) | 79 (0.4) | 0.147 |
| Reflux esophagitis | 352 (15.9) | 2626 (12.2) | < 0.001 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 79 (3.6) | 751 (3.5) | 0.862 |
a
Continuous variables were summarized as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by the Student’s t test. All other data were presented as number (%) and analyzed by the Chi-square test.
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; K-BDI, Korean version of the Beck’s Depression Inventory.