Table 3.
Comparison Between the Depression Group and the Reference Group
| Variables | Depression group (n = 1257) | Reference group (n = 22 018) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr)a | 44.85 (±11.33) | 46.53 (±10.39) | < 0.001 |
| Female sex (n [%]) | 720 (57.3) | 7769 (35.3) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)a | 23.47 (±3.50) | 24.09 (±3.13) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 25 (n [%]) | 378 (30.2) | 7861 (35.9) | < 0.001 |
| < 18.5 (n [%]) | 70 (5.6) | 564 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
| Past history of cancer (n [%]) | 25 (2.0) | 472 (2.1) | 0.830 |
| Smoking (n [%]) | < 0.001 | ||
| Non-smoker | 599 (54.4) | 9271 (47.2) | |
| Past smoker | 179 (16.3) | 5477 (27.9) | |
| Current smoker | 323 (29.3) | 4876 (24.8) | |
| Alcohol (n [%]) | < 0.001 | ||
| Non-drinker | 246 (20.8) | 3834 (18.2) | |
| Social drinker | 864 (73.0) | 16387 (77.6) | |
| Heavy drinker | 73 (6.2) | 891 (4.2) | |
| Comorbidity (n [%]) | |||
| Diabetes | 77 (6.1) | 1190 (5.4) | 0.277 |
| Hypertension | 185 (14.7) | 3486 (15.8) | 0.301 |
| Congestive heart disease | 38 (3.0) | 513 (2.3) | 0.122 |
| Stroke | 7 (0.6) | 163 (0.7) | 0.608 |
| Dyslipidemia | 162 (12.9) | 2775 (12.6) | 0.763 |
| Medication (n [%]) | |||
| Antiplatelet agent | 79 (6.3) | 1178 (5.4) | 0.156 |
| Anticoagulant | 1 (0.1) | 70 (0.3) | 0.186 |
| NSAID | 106 (8.4) | 1053 (4.8) | < 0.001 |
| BEPSI-K level ≥ 2.4 (n [%]) | 432 (34.4) | 1672 (7.6) | < 0.001 |
| Digestive diseases (n [%]) | |||
| Functional dyspepsia | 829 (66.6) | 6327 (29.7) | < 0.001 |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 714 (65.3) | 4844 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
| Colorectal adenoma and carcinoma | 241 (19.2) | 5375 (24.4) | < 0.001 |
| Stomach adenoma and carcinoma | 12 (1.0) | 78 (0.4) | 0.003 |
| Reflux esophagitis | 120 (9.5) | 2769 (12.6) | 0.002 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 30 (2.4) | 768 (3.5) | 0.042 |
a
Continuous variables were summarized as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and analyzed by the Student’s t test. All other data were presented as number (%) and analyzed by the Chi-square test.
NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; BEPSI-K, the Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument-Korean version.