Table 1.
Individual and family characteristics and internalizing and externalizing symptoms among TEMPO study participants (1991–2009)
| Descriptive Characteristics | N (%) | Mean (+/−SD) (N=1103) |
Adult Internalizing Symptoms (N=1067) |
p-value | Adult Externalizing Symptoms (N=1090) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in 2009 (years) | 1103 | 28.94 (+/−3.68) | 0.88 | 0.77 | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 649 (59) | 95 (15) | 0.80 | 87 (14) | 0.69 | |
| Male | 454 (41) | 64 (14) | 57 (13) | |||
| Number of childhood friends | ||||||
| Zero | 59 (5) | 19 (33) | <0.01 | 15 (25) | 0.04 | |
| 1 | 161 (15) | 21 (14) | 22 (14) | |||
| 2 or 3 | 678 (62) | 98 (15) | 84 (13) | |||
| 4 or more | 194 (18) | 21 (11) | 23 (12) | |||
| Childhood learning difficulties | ||||||
| Yes | 328(19) | 21 (14) | 0.83 | 119 (13) | 0.60 | |
| No | 775(81) | 132 (15) | 22 (15) | |||
| Childhood internalizing symptoms | ||||||
| Yes | 162 (15) | 34 (21) | 0.02 | 31 (19) | 0.01 | |
| No | 910 (85) | 123 (14) | 110 (12) | |||
| Childhood externalizing symptoms | ||||||
| Yes | 129 (12) | 24 (19) | 0.17 | 27 (21) | 0.01 | |
| No | 964 (88) | 135 (14) | 117 (12) | |||
| Household income | ||||||
| Low | 373 (35) | 47 (13) | 0.17 | 45 (12) | 0.47 | |
| High/intermediate | 698 (65) | 109 (16) | 96 (14) | |||
| Parental divorce/separation | ||||||
| Yes | 154 (15) | 21 (14) | 0.82 | 21 (14) | 0.98 | |
| No | 889 (85) | 126 (15) | 117 (13) | |||
| Parental history of depression | ||||||
| Yes, at least twice | 324 (30) | 65 (21) | <0.01 | 60 (19) | <0.01 | |
| Never or once | 749 (70) | 92 (12) | 83 (11) | |||
| Parental heavy alcohol drinking | ||||||
| Yes | 253 (23) | 29 (12) | 0.10 | 37 (15) | 0.44 | |
| No | 846 (77) | 129 (16) | 107 (13) | |||
| Young adult internalizing symptoms | ||||||
| Yes | 159 (15) | -- | -- | 80 (50) | <0.01 | |
| No | 908 (85) | -- | 57 (6) | |||
| Young adult externalizing symptoms | ||||||
| Yes | 144 (13) | 80 (58) | <0.01 | -- | -- | |
| No | 960 (87) | 79 (9) | -- |