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Pretreatment with a specific PPAR-γ antagonist, GW9662 (1 × 10−5 M), completely blocked the molecular protection (increase in PPAR-γ and a decrease in LEF-1, fibronectin, α-SMA, and calponin protein levels) by pioglitazone and prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2) following concomitant treatment with nicotine (1 × 10−6 M) for 24 h. Values are means ± SE; n = 4 for each group. **P < 0.01 vs. control; ##P < 0.01 vs. nicotine; ^^P < 0.01 vs. nicotine + pioglitazone; $$P < 0.01 vs. nicotine + PGJ2.
