Figure 2.

Schematic illustrating proposed action mechanism by which ZZDHD prevents ALD. That ethanol induces CPY2E1, and XO causes oxidative stress in liver, due to overproduction of ROS, antioxidants reduction, and lipid peroxidation. These results, in turn, improve NF-κB activation and then increase the expression such as in COX-2 and iNOS, further aggravating oxidative injury. Multiple components from ZZDHD (e.g., aloe-emodin and naringenin) inhibit the activation of CYP2E1, XO, COX-2, and iNOS, thereby protecting liver against the damage.