Gray matter changes in BQD patients and healthy controls. Compared with healthy controls, BQD patients exhibited decreased volume in midbrain, right rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC), bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), right superior temporal gyrus (STG), and increased volume in right hippocampal and right precuneus (BQD=Betel quid dependence; All P < 0.05, AlphSim corrected).