Abstract
Objective:
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs) are dendritic cells found in lymphoid follicles, reactive follicles and in lymphomas. The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence and distribution of FDCs and IDCs in oral lymphomas.
Material and Methods:
Immunohistochemistry reactions were applied to 50 oral lymphomas using the antibodies anti-CD21, anti-CD35 and anti-caldesmon to FDCs, and anti-S100 protein to IDCs. Caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs were quantified in Imagelab® software.
Results:
FDCs revealed by CD21 and CD35 were positively stained in two cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, one MALT lymphoma, and in one case of mantle cell lymphoma. FDCs were immunopositive to caldesmon in all cases, as well as IDCs to S100 protein. Burkitt lymphoma presented a lower amount of caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs than diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type.
Conclusions:
The microenvironment determined by neoplastic lymphoid cells in oral lymphomas is responsible by the development and expression of dendritic cells types.
Keywords: CD21, CD35, Follicular dendritic cells, Interdigitating dendritic cells, Immunohistochemistry, Lymphoma, Oral lymphomas
INTRODUCTION
Dendritic cells (DCs) are non-lymphoid antigen-presenting cells distributed widely throughout the body and are distinguishable from macrophages by their lack of both phagocytic activity and capacity to act as effectors cells. Morphologically, they present a complex of dendritic cytoplasmic projections, one or more lobulated nucleoli, clear cytoplasm with scattered organelles and lack of both phagocytic activity and capacity to act as effectors cells. DCs are classified into two groups: B- and T-cells associated DCs. Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) represent B-cell associated DCs. T-cell associated DCs include the interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs), indeterminate cells, Langerhans cells, connective tissue dendritic cells and veiled cells (dendritic leukocytes)9,22,23.
FDCs are located in B-cell dependent areas of the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs. FDCs form a three-dimensional meshwork in these B-cell areas. Functionally, they have an ability to bind and retain antigens through linking complement and immune complexes for a long time, and are involved in B-cell proliferation, selection and differentiation18,21. FDCs can be stained through the complement receptors, C3d (CD21) and C3b (CD35), and by the low affinity to IgE receptor (CD23). Also, FDCs are immunopositive to cell cycle markers, FDCs-associated antigen (DCR-1; Ki-M4; CNA.42; DR53), intermediated filament, adhesion molecules, cytokine receptors and to calcium-bindings proteins (calmodulin; caldesmon; annexin II; annexin VI and S100 protein α-subunit). The immunophenotype, as well as ultrastructural features, of FDCs are variable depending on their distribution in the zones of lymphoid follicles. There are few effective antibodies to identify FDCs in routinely processed paraffin sections6,8,9,15.
IDCs are located in the T-cell areas of lymph node, spleen, and thymus, and are related to the function of presenting antigens to T-cells. IDCs may be detectable by CD45, class II MHC, and S100 protein2,25. In contrast to Langerhans cells, IDCs are immunonegative to CD1a5,20.
Due to the relationship between FDCs/B-cell and IDCs/T-cell, the microenvironment of the neoplastic or reactive transformation of B- and T-cell produce alterations in expression of dendritic cells types. Also, a comprehensive investigation on this subject might provide valuable information about diagnosis of lymphomas1,3,7,12,14,17,24. Up to now, there are no studies of DCs in oral lymphomas. The goal of this study was to evaluate the presence and distribution of FDCs and IDCs in oral lymphomas. Also, quantitative analysis of caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs was performed.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experimental protocol was approved by the Committee of Bioethics in Research of the Dental School of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil (number 150/00).
Tissue Samples
Routinely processed paraffin sections from 50 oral lymphomas were selected from the files of the Oral Pathology Service at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Oral lymphomas were classified according to the World Health Organization classification/200110 and Colomo, et al.4 by morphology, immunophenotype, Epstein Barr Virus detection and IgH gene rearrangement. Representative samples were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL, N=17); plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type (PBLOMT, N=11); Burkitt lymphoma (BL, N=15); extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma, N=2); mantle cell lymphoma (MCL, N=1); extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ETCL, N=3), and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCL, N=1). All cases were primary of the oral cavity, since physical exam did not demonstrate signals of disease in other regions of the body.
Immunohistochemistry and Quantitative Analysis
FDCs were characterized with the antibodies anti-CD21, anti-CD35, and anti-caldesmon. Since caldesmon is also expressed in the vessel walls, consecutive sections were also stained with anti-CD34 and both stain were submitted to quantification with the use of a computerized system (Imagelab® Software, LIDO, FOUSP, Brazil). Five fields of each section were selected in a light microscope (Laborlux; Leitz, Wetzlar, Germany) at 100x magnification. Images were transferred to a computer monitor with area of 640 x 480 pixels, and the quantification was performed by subtraction of images. The values of the caldesmon+/FDCs were obtained through the total of caldesmon+/ immunoexpression minus CD34+/immunoexpression and expressed in μm2. IDCs were identified by the antibody anti- S100 protein. Since Langerhans cells also express S100 protein, antibody anti-CD1a was also used in consecutive sections to exclude the Langerhans cells. S100+/IDCs were counted in the light microscope (Laborlux; Leitz, 400X magnification). Ten fields were selected for each case using an integration reticule and values expressed in mm2. The statistical analysis was considered only in the DLBCL, PBLOMT and BL, because the sample of these cases was sufficient to statistical analysis. This analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney test and significance statistical was evaluated at 0.05 level.
A universal automatic system of staining (Dako Auto Staining®, Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, USA) was used for immunohistochemistry reactions with the strepatavidin-biotin standard protocol in 3-μm-thick sections. The primary antibodies used were: CD21 (DAKO®, clone 1F8, 1:50, incubation for 40 min at 37°C), CD35 (DAKO®, clone Ber-MAC-CDR, 1:20, incubation for 40 min at 37°C), caldesmon (Novocastra®, clone TD107, 1:50, incubation for 30 min at 37°C), CD1a (Serotec®, clone 010, incubation for 30 min at 37°C), S100 protein (DAKO®, clone Z0311, incubation for 30 min at 37°C), and CD34 (Novocastra®, clone QBEnd/10, 1:50, incubation for 30 min at 37°C). The sections were submitted to antigen retrieval. Sections for the reactions with CD21 and CD35 were immersed in target retrieval solution pH 6.0 (DAKO®, S1700) heated to 95°C for 30 min. To caldesmon, CD1a, and CD34, the sections were immersed in citric acid (SIGMA® CHEMICAL CO., St. Louis, MO, USA) buffer 0.01M, pH 6.0 and heated to 95°C for 30 min. Sections for the reaction with S100 protein were not submitted to antigen retrieval. Appropriate positive and negative controls were used.
RESULTS
The pattern of expression of CD21 and CD35 was the same. CD21 and CD35 positively stained FDCs in four cases of oral lymphomas: (a) two cases of DLBCL, (b) one MALT lymphoma, and (c) on the case of MCL. In the DLBCL, immunoexpression was observed in pseudofollicular proliferation centers14,17. The pattern was a sparse and disrupted meshwork (Figures 1A and 1B). MALT lymphoma presented FDCs as a dense and confluent meshwork corresponding to colonized follicles (Figures 1C and 1D). MCL presented the distribution of FDCs as a loosely arranged, ill-defined and expanded meshwork (Figures 1E and 1F).
FIGURE 1. A- Pseudofollicular proliferation center in the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x320). B- Follicular dendritic cells stained by CD21 presented as sparse, disrupted meshwork between lymphoid cells of the pseudofollicular proliferation center of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (streptavidin-biotin, original magnification x640). C- MALT lymphoma presenting reactive follicles (Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x100). D- Colonized follicles by follicular dendritic cells. A meshwork is revealed by CD21 in the MALT lymphoma (streptavidin-biotin, original magnification x320). E- Mantle cell lymphoma demonstrates a monomorphic lymphoid proliferation with a nodular pattern (Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification x100). F- CD21 demonstrates loosely arranged, ill-defined and expanded meshwork of follicular dendritic cells at the periphery of the mantle cell lymphoma (streptavidin-biotin, original magnification x640). G- Caldesmon revealed a dense and confluent meshwork of the follicular dendritic cells among lymphoid cells of in a case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (streptavidin-biotin, original magnification x200). H- Interdigitating dendritic cells revealed by S100 protein in one case of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are visualized as irregular spots (streptavidin-biotin, original magnification x320).
Caldesmon+/FDCs were present in all oral lymphomas and appeared as a dense and confluent meshwork (lacy pattern) among the neoplastic lymphoid cells (Figure 1G). In cases immunopositive to CD21 and CD35, caldesmon+/ FDCs were coincident with CD21 and CD35 stain. CD34 was immunopositive in vessel blood walls distributed between neoplastic lymphoid cells. No cells immunopositive to CD1a were observed in the all oral lymphomas. S100+/ IDCs were present in all cases and were scattered amongst neoplastic lymphoid cells. S100+/IDCs were large cells, disclosing a round nucleus and irregular cytoplasm (Figure 1H).
Mean values and standard deviation of the quantification of caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs are presented in Table 1. BL had significantly statistical less caldesmon+/ FDCs and IDC/S100+ than DLBCL. There is not statistical difference of the caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs quantification between BL and PBLOMT, and DLBCL and PBLOMT, respectively.
TABLE 1. Mean values and standard deviation (SD) of the quantification of caldesmon+/follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and S100+/interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs). P values to caldesmon+/FDCs between (*) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma, (**) plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type and Burkitt lymphoma and (***) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type. P values to S100+/IDCs between (#) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma, (##) plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type and Burkitt lymphoma and (###) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type.
| Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (N=17) | Plasmablastic lymphoma of the oral mucosa type (N=11) | Burkitt lymphoma (N=15) | P values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caldesmon+/FDCs (μm2) (mean±SD) | *, ***15.0±4.3 | **, ***12.0±5.0 | *, **9.3±2.2 | * p=0.0005 ** p=0.37 *** p=0.09 |
| S100+/IDCs (mm2) (mean±SD) | #, ###2.8±1.5 | ##, ###2.6±1.8 | #, ##1.6±1.2 | # p=0.018 ## p=0.22 ### p=0.7 |
DISCUSSION
FDCs and IDCs are related to B or T and NK-cell diseases1,3,7,12,14,17,24. More frequently FDCs are evaluated in reactive follicles and follicular lymphomas because of microenvironmental similarity between reactive follicles and follicular lymphomas1,3,7,15,24. Oral lymphomas are almost exclusively B-cell neoplasm, presenting a diffuse pattern of growth10. Therefore, the finding of rare CD21+/CD35+/ FDCs is expected. Using antibodies anti-CD21 and anti- CD35, FDCs were visualized in two cases of DLBCL as a sparse and disrupted meshwork in neoplastic pseudofollicular proliferation centers, as demonstrated by Maeda, et al.14 and Mori, et al.17 that evaluated FDCs in B- cell neoplasm with a diffuse pattern. Actually, the role of FDCs is to present antigens to B-cell9,21. In the process of the antigen-presenting, the activation of complement receptors C3d (detected by CD21) and C3b (detected by CD35) takes place in the FDCs19. Therefore, the detection of FDCs by CD21 and CD35 depends on their activation, which occurs in reactive follicles, neoplastic pseudofollicular proliferation centers or in neoplastic follicles of follicular lymphomas14,17,19.
Morphologically, MALT lymphomas present reactive follicles10. In the present study, CD21 and CD35 identified FDCs in the case of MALT lymphoma that exhibited reactive follicles. Bagdi, et al.1 also verified that stain for CD21, CD23 and CD35 revealed dense FDCs meshwork in reactive follicles of seven cases of primary salivary gland or gastric MALT lymphomas. In the present study, the two cases of MALT lymphomas were of the salivary gland type. So, in MALT lymphoma the immunolocalization of the FDCs by CD21 and CD35 is also dependent on the microenvironment organized by neoplastic or non-neoplastic lymphoid cells in the reactive follicles.
MCL typically present a loosely arranged, ill-defined and expanded meshwork of FDCs at the periphery of the neoplasm in nodular or diffuse pattern as demonstrated in the studies of Bagdi, et al.1 and Mori, et al.17. It was also observed this distribution of FDCs in the case current of MCL. This finding is important since this pattern of distribution of FDCs resembles that of the mantle zone of non-neoplastic lymphoid follicles. Also, the immunohistochemistry of FDCs in MCL is helpful to diagnosis of this disease1,17.
In T-cell and NK-cell neoplasm, the CD21+/CD35+/ FDCs are not frequently identified, as in our study1,15,24. However, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma presented a expanded meshwork of CD21+/CD23+/CD35+/FDCs. It has been suggested that these cells may be not real FDCs, but rather fibroblastic reticular cells showing overexpression of CD21, CD23 and CD3510–13.
Immunolocalization of FDCs by caldesmon has not been widely evaluated. Tsunoda, et al.24 used caldesmon to evaluate neoplastic follicles of follicular lymphoma and verified a difference in FDCs immunoexpression in follicular lymphomas grade I, II and III. Caldesmon stained FDCs in all the studied oral lymphomas, and FDCs were visualized as a lacy pattern meshwork among neoplastic lymphocytes. Also, caldesmon immunoexpression was coincident with CD21 and CD35 immunoexpression. Thus, in the B-cell neoplasms (DLBCL, PBLOMT, BL, MALT lymphoma and MCL) evaluated, caldesmon+/FDCs might represent nonactive FDCs, since active FDCs are immunoexpressed in follicular microenvironment1,9,21. In the T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms (ETCL and PTCL) evaluated, caldesmon+/FDCs also may represent non-active FDCs or fibroblastic reticular cells with an overexpression of caldesmon. Tsunoda, et al.24 suggested that caldesmon on actin filaments, and extracellular matrix adhesion receptors on FDCs may be the main way whereby FDCs twine around extracellular fibers, contributing to the formation and maintenance of the meshwork structure. In accordance to Tsunoda, et al.24, may be that in oral B-cell, T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms caldesmon is also the major way of the formation and maintenance of the meshwork structure of FDCs or fibroblastic reticular cells overexpressing caldesmon.
IDCs were identified by the immunoexpression of S100 protein8,9,22. In order to exclude the possibility of Langerhans cells, reactions to CD1a were performed in all oral lymphomas, and were negative in all of them. Thus, it can be asserted that in the present study the cells positive to S100 protein were IDCs, as Shinzato, et al.20 and Fonseca, et al.5 showed.
A few papers have evaluated S100+/IDCs in lymphomas12. As IDCs are known as antigen-presenting cells to T-cells, they probably represent active cells in oral lymphomas, since a few non-neoplastic T-cells are always present in all B-cell neoplasm. Another possibility is that IDCs represent a casual feature in lymphomas due to a favorable microenvironment as also seen is non-neoplastic lymphoid tissue9,19.
Quantitative analysis of the DCs has never been performed before. Thus, this study represents the first one to perform a quantitative analysis of the DCs in lymphomas. Caldesmon and S100 protein were quantitatively analyzed because the immunoexpression was consistently present in all cases. It was observed that BL presented a lower statistically significant number of caldesmon+/FDCs and S100+/IDCs than DLBCL. This finding may be related to the fact that BL is a specific entity and presents a high proliferation rate, shown by the high mitotic counting, spontaneous cell death, and high counting (close to a 100%) of Ki-67 positive cells10. It is well known that FDCs are related to B-cell proliferation8,9,22. Also, PBLOMT represent a subgroup of DLBCL that is more frequent in HIV-patients4,10. PBLOMT may have the same state of cell proliferation than DLBCL. Meugé-Moraw, et al.16 evaluated reactive bone marrow biopsies and observed that HIV-patients did not present differences in FDCs immunoexpression. Therefore, cell proliferation in oral lymphomas may be related to the appropriated microenvironment to development of DCs.
CONCLUSIONS
The microenvironment determined by neoplastic lymphoid cells in oral lymphomas is responsible by the development and expression of dendritic cells types.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, #484974/2006-8, #301490/2007-4) and by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, #01/06351-2). Dr. Mesquita, Dr. Araújo, Dr. Nunes and Dr. Sousa are research fellows of CNPq.
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