Table 2.
Associations of maternal serum total 25[OH]D concentrations (ng/ml) in early pregnancy with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
| GDM Cases |
Non-GDM Controls |
Unadjusted | Adjusted+ | Adjusted++ | Adjusted+++ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=135) | (N=517) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| TOTAL 25[OH]D (continuous) | ||||||
| Per 5 ng/ml increase | 0.86 (0.77-0.97) | 0.90 (0.80-1.03) | 0.95 (0.83-1.08) | 0.96 (0.84-1.10) | ||
| TOTAL 25[OH]D (categorical) | ||||||
| Sufficient (≥30 ng/ml) | 50 (37.0) | 234 (45.3) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Insufficient (20-29 ng/ml) | 61 (45.2) | 226 (43.7) | 1.26 (0.83-1.92) | 1.27 (0.82-1.95) | 1.12 (0.72-1.74) | 1.04 (0.66-1.63) |
| Deficient (<20 ng/ml) | 24 (17.8) | 57 (11.0) | 1.97 (1.12-3.47) | 1.63 (0.89-2.97) | 1.38 (0.74-2.57) | 1.30 (0.69-2.44) |
| P for trend | 0.023 | 0.099 | 0.321 | 0.481 | ||
| TOTAL 25[OH]D (ng/ml) (quartiles) | ||||||
| 1st Quartile (≥34.9) | 22 (16.3) | 129 (25.0) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 2nd Quartile (29.1-34.8) | 33 (24.4) | 129 (25.0) | 1.50 (0.83-2.71) | 1.32 (0.71-2.43) | 1.29 (0.70-2.39) | 1.29 (0.69-2.39) |
| 3rd Quartile (23.5-29.0) | 34 (25.2) | 130 (25.0) | 1.53 (0.85-2.76) | 1.39 (0.76-2.56) | 1.29 (0.70-2.38) | 1.20 (0.64-2.23) |
| 4th Quartile (<23.5) | 46 (34.1) | 129 (25.0) | 2.09 (1.19-3.67) | 1.65 (0.92-2.98) | 1.43 (0.78-2.62) | 1.37 (0.74-2.52) |
| P for trend | --- | --- | 0.013 | 0.104 | 0.284 | 0.388 |
Vitamin D deficiency was defined according to the cut-points given by Holick, 2007
+
Adjusted for season of blood draw, maternal age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes
++
Adjusted for season of blood draw, maternal age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, Pre-pregnancy BMI
+++
Adjusted for season of blood draw, maternal age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, BMI at 18-22 weeks pregnancy