Table 4.
Associations of maternal serum 25[OH]D3 concentrations (ng/ml) in early pregnancy with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
| GDM Cases | Non-GDM Controls |
Unadjusted | Adjusted+ | Adjusted++ | Adjusted+++ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=135) | (N=517) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| 25[OH]D3 (continuous) | ||||||
| Per 5 ng/ml increase | 0.84 (0.75-0.94) | 0.86 (0.76-0.96) | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | 0.90 (0.79-1.01) | ||
| 25[OH]D3 (categorical) | ||||||
| Sufficient (≥30) | 33 (24.41) | 178 (34.4) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Insufficient (20-29) | 53 (39.3)) | 221 (42.8) | 1.29 (0.80-2.08) | 1.33 (0.81-2.18) | 1.19 (0.72-1.96) | 1.13 (0.68-1.88) |
| Deficient (<20) | 49 (36.3) | 118 (22.8) | 2.24 (1.36-3.69) | 1.95 (1.16-3.29) | 1.78 (1.04-3.02) | 1.64 (0.96-2.81) |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.012 | 0.034 | 0.073 | ||
| 25[OH]D3 (ng/ml) (quartiles) | ||||||
| 1st Quartile(≥32.5) | 23 (17.0) | 129 (25.0) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| 2nd Quartile (26.4-32.4) | 29 (21.5) | 130 (25.0) | 1.25 (0.69-2.28) | 1.14 (0.62-2.12) | 1.03 (0.55-1.93) | 1.0 3(0.55-1.93) |
| 3rd Quartile (20.6-26.3) | 28 (20.7) | 129 (25.0) | 1.22 (0.67-2.22) | 1.21 (0.65-2.26) | 1.02 (0.54-1.92) | 0.95 (0.50-1.81) |
| 4th Quartile (<20.6) | 55 (40.7) | 129 (25.0) | 2.39 (1.39-4.12) | 2.03 (1.15-3.58) | 1.79 (1.01-3.19) | 1.68 (0.94-3.00) |
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.010 | 0.034 | 0.072 |
Vitamin D deficiency was defined according to the cut-points given by Holick, 2007
+
Adjusted for season of blood draw, maternal age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes
++
Adjusted for season of blood draw, maternal age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, Pre-pregnancy BMI
+++
Adjusted for season of blood draw, maternal age, race/ethnicity, family history of diabetes, BMI at 18-22 weeks pregnancy