Table 3.
Associations between preterm birth, neighborhood deprivation, and CRCT mathematics failure (main effects models).
| Failed |
Total |
Unadjusteda |
Model Ib |
Model II (fully adjusted)c |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N | RD (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RD (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RD (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| Exposures | ||||||||
| Gestational age | ||||||||
| Early preterm | 371 (33.0) | 1,125 | 0.207 (0.180, 0.234) | 2.69 (2.47, 2.92) | 0.167 (0.140, 0.193) | 2.08 (1.91, 2.27) | 0.168 (0.142, 0.1944) | 2.07 (1.90, 2.25) |
| Moderate preterm | 1,285 (20.5) | 6,265 | 0.082 (0.072, 0.093) | 1.67 (1.59, 1.76) | 0.053 (0.044, 0.062) | 1.39 (1.32, 1.46) | 0.049 (0.040, 0.058) | 1.36 (1.29, 1.42) |
| Late preterm | 3,927 (15.2) | 25,850 | 0.029 (0.025, 0.034) | 1.24 (1.20, 1.28) | 0.013 (0.009, 0.016) | 1.13 (1.10, 1.17) | 0.009 (0.006, 0.013) | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15) |
| Term | 36,074 (12.3) | 294,076 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1 unit increase in NDI | 0.055 (0.053, 0.058) | 1.43 (1.40, 1.46) | 0.017 (0.015, 0.019) | 1.11 (1.09, 1.13) | 0.006 (0.005, 0.008) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | ||
| Covariates | ||||||||
| Maternal age at birth | ||||||||
| 15–17 years | 3,357 (19.4) | 17,307 | 0.084 (0.077, 0.091) | 1.76 (1.69, 1.83) | 0.024 (0.017, 0.030) | 1.13 (1.09, 1.18) | −0.036 (−0.043, −0.029) | 0.78 (0.75, 0.82) |
| 18–19 years | 5,527 (17.3) | 31,904 | 0.063 (0.058, 0.068) | 1.57 (1.51, 1.63) | 0.015 (0.011, 0.020) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.12) | −0.018 (−0.023, −0.014) | 0.87 (0.84, 0.90) |
| 20–24 years | 14,850 (15.6) | 95,097 | 0.046 (0.042, 0.049) | 1.42 (1.37, 1.46) | 0.014 (0.011, 0.017) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | −0.002 (−0.005, 0.000) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) |
| 25–29 years | 9,637 (11.0) | 87,349 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 30–34 years | 5,294 (8.4) | 62,812 | −0.026 (−0.030, −0.023) | 0.76 (0.73, 0.79) | −0.005 (−0.007, −0.003) | 0.90 (0.87, 0.93) | 0.001 (−0.001, 0.003) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) |
| 35–39 years | 2,465 (8.8) | 27,941 | −0.022 (−0.027, −0.018) | 0.80 (0.76, 0.84) | −0.003 (−0.006, −0.000) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.002 (−0.001, 0.005) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) |
| 40–53 years | 527 (10.7) | 4,906 | −0.003 (−0.012, 0.006) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.006 (−0.001, 0.013) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 0.011 (0.005, 0.018) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 13,549 (7.6) | 179,057 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Black non-Hispanic | 22,334 (19.2) | 116,396 | 0.116 (0.111, 0.121) | 2.54 (2.44, 2.64) | 0.069 (0.065, 0.073) | 1.87 (1.81, 1.94) | 0.075 (0.071, 0.078) | 1.96 (1.90, 2.02) |
| Hispanic | 5,774 (18.1) | 31,863 | 0.106 (0.098, 0.113) | 2.39 (2.28, 2.52) | 0.084 (0.077, 0.091) | 2.11 (2.01, 2.20) | 0.044 (0.038, 0.050) | 1.56 (1.50, 1.64) |
| Maternal education at birth | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 17,168 (20.9) | 81,960 | 0.177 (0.172, 0.182) | 6.40 (5.98, 6.85) | 0.124 (0.119, 0.128) | 4.38 (4.13, 4.65) | ||
| Completed high school | 15,952 (14.1) | 112,784 | 0.109 (0.105, 0.112) | 4.32 (4.05, 4.61) | 0.059 (0.057, 0.062) | 3.10 (2.94, 3.28) | ||
| Up to 3 years postsecondary | 5,660 (8.6) | 65,748 | 0.053 (0.050, 0.056) | 2.63 (2.47, 2.80) | 0.019 (0.017, 0.021) | 2.04 (1.93, 2.16) | ||
| 4 or more years postsecondary | 2,031 (3.3) | 62,022 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
| Medicaid status | ||||||||
| Yes | 27,641 (17.8) | 154,916 | 0.097 (0.093, 0.101) | 2.19 (2.12, 2.28) | 0.044 (0.041, 0.047) | 1.44 (1.40, 1.48) | 0.023 (0.020, 0.026) | 1.22 (1.19, 1.25) |
| No | 14,016 (8.1) | 172,400 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Unmarried | 23,975 (19.2) | 125,041 | 0.104 (0.100, 0.108) | 2.19 (2.12, 2.27) | 0.032 (0.028, 0.035) | 1.25 (1.22, 1.28) | 0.023 (0.020, 0.027) | 1.15 (1.12, 1.18) |
| Married | 17,680 (8.7) | 202,257 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Smoking status during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Yes | 4,463 (14.7) | 30,372 | 0.022 (0.017, 0.027) | 1.17 (1.13, 1.22) | 0.026 (0.022, 0.031) | 1.33 (1.28, 1.37) | 0.004 (0.000, 0.008) | 1.12 (1.08, 1.15) |
| No | 36,985 (12.5) | 295,254 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Child’s sex | ||||||||
| Male | 23,266 (14.0) | 165,726 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 18,391 (11.4) | 161,590 | −0.027 (−0.029, −0.024) | 0.81 (0.80, 0.83) | −0.019 (−0.021, −0.017) | 0.81 (0.79, 0.82) | −0.015 (−0.017, −0.013) | 0.81 (0.79, 0.82) |
| Child age at CRCT | ||||||||
| 6 | 16,839 (14.3) | 118,108 | ||||||
| 7 | 22,402 (11.1) | 201,834 | ||||||
| 8 | 2,416 (32.8) | 7,374 | ||||||
| 1 unit increase in child age | −0.003 (−0.006, −0.000) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | −0.003 (−0.005, −0.001) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.95) | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.000) | 0.92 (0.90, 0.93) | ||
Note: All models clustered by census tract.
a
Unadjusted risk differences and risk ratios for each exposure or covariate.
b
Model I is adjusted for all covariates except maternal education.
c
Model II is fully adjusted.