Table 2.

Behavioral, Structural, and Neurochemical Phenotypes of Prenatal Stress Models

Prenatal Stress Models	Structural and Neurochemical Phenotype	Behavioral Phenotype	References
Restraint Stress	Changes in dopamine sensitivity in nucleus accumbens; increased HPA axis response; inhibition of neurogenesis in hippocampus	Anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors; learning deficits in Morris water maze; locomotor activity and sensitivity to amphetamine	39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45
Variable Stress	Dysregulation of genes involved in NMDA, GABAergic, and synaptic function in the frontal pole and hippocampus	Increased response to amphetamine; impaired social interaction; disrupted PPI (sensory gating) and N40	46, 47, 48, 49
Maternal Protein Malnutrition	Altered DA and 5-HT response to stress; increased NMDA and DA receptor binding in striatum and hippocampus of female rats	Increased stereotypic response to apomorphine; increased locomotor response to amphetamine; disrupted PPI; (behaviors only in females)	50, 51, 52
Vitamin D Deficiency	Dysregulation of proteins involved in mitochondrial function and synaptic plasticity; enlarged lateral ventricles; reduced cortical thickness	Impaired habituation; altered PPI with additional chronic postnatal vitamin D deficiency; impairment of latent inhibition	53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59