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GSK-3β inhibits ER stress– or LPS-induced XBP-1 splicing that mediates TNF-α gene expression. RAW 264.7 cells were treated with (A) TM (10 μg/ml), (B) TG (5 μM), (C) LPS (100 ng/ml), and (D) TM with LPS in the presence or absence of SB216763, and the activation of XBP-1 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Data represent means ± SD of three independent determinations. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
