Table 1. Risk factors for Barrett’s carcinoma (source: 11, 12).

Risk factors	Additional influences
Reflux symptoms	Frequency, nocturnal reflux, duration (years)
Reflux esophagitis	Severity
Barrett’s esophagus	Length (surrogate for area)
Overweight	BMI 30+ >BMI 25–30
Smoking
Chest irradiation
Low intake of fruit and vegetables
Medications that relax the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Male sex
Age	↑ per year of life
Family history of Barrett carcinoma

BMI, body mass index