Table 2. Stage-based treatment of Barrett’s carcinoma (source: 3, 23, 24).

Tumor stage	Treatment
High-grade intraepithelial neoplasiaT1a carcinoma	EMR/ESD followed by radiofrequency ablation of the non-dysplastic Barrett’s mucosa (two-stage treatment)
T1b and T2 carcinoma	Esophageal resection
T3 to T4a M0 carcinoma (possibly also for T2)	Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiochemotherapy → esophageal resection
M1 carcinoma	Palliation (occasionally, in patients with limited metastases, resection of primary tumor and metastases)

EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection