Table 1.

Photosynthetic characterization of wild-type Arabidopsis, vkor mutant lines, and transgenic cysteine-mutant VKORs and VKOR_WT plants under normal growth light vs. high light.

Plants	Normal growth light (120 μmol m-2 s-1)			2 h High light(600 μmol m-2 s-1)
	Fv/Fm	ΦPSII	NPQ	Fv/Fm	ΦPSII	NPQ
WT	0.865 ± 0.005 A	0.769 ± 0.008 A	1.204 ± 0.063 A	0.718 ± 0.008 A	0.436 ± 0.034 A	1.604 ± 0.013 A
VKORWT	0.866 ± 0.004 A	0.766 ± 0.013 A	1.201 ± 0.091 A	0.725 ± 0.005 A	0.445 ± 0.008 A	1.612 ± 0.008 A
VKORC46A	0.861 ± 0.004 A	0.732 ± 0.013 AB	1.151 ± 0.064 A	0.712 ± 0.01 AB	0.421 ± 0.02 AB	1.524 ± 0.036 A
VKORC230A	0.86 ± 0.002 A	0.729 ± 0.02 AB	1.166 ± 0.061 A	0.702 ± 0.014 AB	0.418 ± 0.017 AB	1.516 ± 0.038 A
VKORC109A	0.817 ± 0.013 B	0.709 ± 0.02 B	1.026 ± 0.035 B	0.618 ± 0.026 BC	0.353 ± 0.018 B	1.23 ± 0.102 B
VKORC116A	0.806 ± 0.026 B	0.713 ± 0.046 B	1.012 ± 0.013 B	0.624 ± 0.022 C	0.354 ± 0.022 B	1.225 ± 0.102 B
VKORC195A	0.699 ± 0.051 B	0.653 ± 0.02 B	0.998 ± 0.011 B	0.605 ± 0.027 DE	0.345 ± 0.016 BC	1.219 ± 0.094 B
VKORC198A	0.746 ± 0.047 B	0.696 ± 0.037 B	1.008 ± 0.014 B	0.617 ± 0.024 D	0.35 ± 0.011 BC	1.221 ± 0.095 B
vkor	0.565 ± 0.017 D	0.396 ± 0.071 D	0.905 ± 0.012 C	0.441 ± 0.019 F	0.219 ± 0.017 D	1.043 ± 0.068 C
VKORC109AC116A	0.662 ± 0.025 C	0.514 ± 0.019 C	0.945 ± 0.01 BC	0.489 ± 0.026 DE	0.278 ± 0.017 C	1.112 ± 0.093 BC
VKORC195AC198A	0.673 ± 0.025 C	0.525 ± 0.015 C	0.949 ± 0.14 BC	0.493 ± 0.018 E	0.289 ± 0.014 C	1.116 ± 0.089 BC

The number is reported as the mean ± SD of three independent measurements for each plant. Significant differences among wild-type Arabidopsis (WT), vkor mutant lines, and transgenic cysteine-mutant VKORs and VKOR_WT plants are determined using one-way ANOVA and Ducan’s Multiple Range Test, indicated with different letters at P < 0.05 significance level.