Table 2. Results of the repeated-measures MANOVAs on the overall effect of virtual bystanders’ attitudes towards the virtual peer speakers and the participants for the four hypotheses.
| Degree of freedom | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothesis and dependent variables | Independent variables | Hyp | Err. | F | p | η2 |
| H1: Self-perceived performance (P1-P7), Self-efficacy (P8), Anxiety (SUD post (P9) and SUD post-pre (P10), Speech length, Heart rate, and skin conductance | Participant | 13 | 12 | 9.13 | <.001 | .91 |
| Peers | 13 | 12 | 1.29 | .334 | .58 | |
| Participants × Peers | 13 | 12 | 5.02 | .004 | .85 | |
| H2: Self-efficacy (P8), Anxiety (SUD post (P9) and SUD post-pre (P10), Speech length, Heart rate, and skin conductance) | Participant | 6 | 19 | 4.89 | .004 | .61 |
| Peers | 6 | 19 | 1.32 | .296 | .29 | |
| Participants × Peers | 6 | 19 | 6.51 | .001 | .67 | |
| H3: Self-perceived performance (P1-P7), Self-efficacy (P8), Attitudes towards the virtual bystander (S1-S4)and the teacher (T1-T4) | (In)consistency | 16 | 10 | 1.91 | .150 | .75 |
| H4: Attitudes towards the virtual bystander (S1-S4) and the teacher (T1-T4) | Participant | 8 | 18 | 33.12 | <.001 | .94 |
| Peers | 8 | 18 | 0.97 | .492 | .30 | |
| Participants × Peers | 8 | 18 | 1.60 | .194 | .42 | |