Table II.
Epidemiologic studies on the association between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and Iron Deficiency (ID) or Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) among children
| Cases | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Type of study | n | Age (year) | Results |
| Parkinson et al. 2000 ( 53 ) USA | Population sero-prevalence | 1040 | child ages | A significant association between low serum ferritin levels and prevalence of HP infection found, particularly for children. |
|
Choe et al. 2001 (
43
)
South Korea |
Population sero-prevalence | 660 | School age | The prevalence rates of HP -associated IDA in female athletes were higher than in the control group. The relative risk of IDA was 2.9 (95% CI, 1.5 to 5.6) for those with HP infection. |
|
Seo et al. 2002 (
35
)
South Korea |
Population sero-prevalence | 753 | 6-12 | The prevalence of ID (ferritin < 15 ng/mL) in HP-seropositive children was significantly higher (13.9%) than in seronegative children (2.8%) and higher among girls. This association persisted after adjusting for age and their socioeconomic status (odds ratio, 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-30.6). |
|
Choe et al. 2003 (
36
)
South Korea |
Population sero-prevalence | 937 | 10-18 | The HP positive rate in the IDA group was 44.8% in comparison with 20.0% in the non-IDA group (p=0.001). The serum ferritin level was significantly lower in the HP infected group (p=0.0002). |
|
Choi et al. 2003 (
44
)
South Korea |
Population sero-prevalence | 693 | 9-12 | No significant differences in the sero-prevalence of HP infection and antibody titers to H. pylori were found between the IDA group and the non-anemic controls. |
| Yang et al. 2005 ( 37 ) Taiwan | Population sero-prevalence | 163 | 1-16 | HP infection in pre-adolescent children may determine iron deficiency and growth retardation. |
| Baggett et al. 2006 ( 45 ) USA | Population sero-prevalence | 688 | 7-11 | Active HP infection was independently associated with ID and IDA among children. |
| Cardenas et al. 2006 ( 38 ) USA | National Health | 1771 | ≥3 | HP infection was associated with the prevalence of IDA (prevalence odds ratio (POR) = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.6) regardless of the presence or absence of peptic ulcer disease. |
| DiGirolamo et al. 2007 ( 39 ) USA | Population sero-prevalence | 86 | Mean 3.64 | Presence of H. pylori antibodies emerged as a significant risk factor for anemia and iron deficiency in adjusted analyses controlling for demographic factors, current inflammation, and antibiotic use. |
| Süoglu et al. 2007 ( 46 ) Turkey | Hospital based study | 70 | 4-16 | Increased frequency of IDA in HP-infected patients in the present study supported similar findings in the literature. |
| Haghi-Ashtiani et al. 2008 ( 47 ) Iran | Case-Control | 209 | Median 7.1 | The results did not support the proposal that HP infection was associated with IDA in children. |
| Muhsen et al. 2009 ( 40 ) | Population sero-prevalence | 509 | 1-19 | Low ferritin level was found between 14.5% and 8.6% of the HP seropositive and seronegative participants, respectively (P = 0.035). |