Table 2.

Prevalence and odds of harsh physical punishment by age group in the general U.S. population.

Age (in years)	Birth cohort	Prevalence of HPP, % (n)	OR [95% CI]	AOR-1 [95% CI]	AOR-2 [95% CI]
60–69	Born 1935–1945	17.8 (754)	1.0	1.0	1.0
50–59	Born 1945–1955	20.0 (1,308)	1.2* [1.03, 1.3]	1.1* [1.01, 1.3]	1.0 [0.8, 1.1]
40–49	Born 1955–1965	18.7 (1,463)	1.1 [0.9, 1.2]	1.0 [0.9, 1.2]	0.9 [0.8, 1.0]
30–39	Born 1965–1975	17.2 (1,213)	1.0 [0.9, 1.1]	0.9 [0.8, 1.0]	0.8** [0.7, 0.9]
20–29	Born 1975–1985	13.7 (724)	0.7*** [0.6, 0.9]	0.7*** [0.6, 0.8]	0.7** [0.6, 0.9]
−2 Log likelihood (df)			27,016.5 (4)	26,258.9 (18)	17,706.6 (24)
Model Wald χ2			950.9***	262.6***	286.8***

Note: % (n): percentage and number of respondents who experienced harsh physical punishment (with or without other types of child maltreatment) before age 18. Ns are for the sample, whereas percentages are weighted to be representative of the population. OR = odds ratio (unadjusted); AOR-1 = odds ratio adjusted for sex, race, marital status, past-year household income, and childhood government assistance receipt; AOR-2 = odds ratios adjusted for sociodemographics (AOR-1) plus other forms of child maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence); HPP = Harsh physical punishment; CI = confidence interval.

^*p ≤ 0.05.

^**p ≤ 0.01.

^***p ≤ 0.001.