Table 4.

Oxidative stress in brain regions during paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats.

Author	Sleep deprivation protocol	Method	Animal specie	Deprivation time	Brain regions with oxidative changes	GSH	GSSG	GSH/GSSG ratio	GPx	Catalase	SOD	Nitrites	NO	Lipid oxidation
Zhang et al. (2013) [28]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Sprague Dawley rats	24 & 72 hrs	Cerebral cortex & hippocampus	No	No	No	No	No	Yes ↓↓	No	Yes ↑↑	Yes ↑↑
Hirotsu et al. (2013) [30]	PSD	MSP	Male Wistar Hanover rats	24 hrs	Frontal cortex	No	No	No	No	Yes —	Yes —	No	Yes —	No
Alzoubi et al. (2013) [31]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Wistar rats	8 hrs/day for 6 weeks	Hippocampus	Yes —	Yes ↑	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	No	No	No
Alzoubi et al. (2013) [32]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Wistar rats	8 hrs/day for 6 weeks	Hippocampus	Yes —	Yes ↑	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	No	No	Yes —
Alzoubi et al. (2012) [33]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Wistar rats	8 hrs/day for 6 weeks	Hippocampus	Yes —	Yes ↑	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	Yes ↓	No	No	No
Vollert et al. (2011) [34]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Wistar rats	24 hrs	Cortex, amygdala, & hippocampus	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes ↑
Süer et al. (2011) [35]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Wistar rats	18 hrs/day for 21 days	Whole brain & hippocampus	No	No	No	Yes ↓	No	Yes ↓	No	No	Yes ↑
Khadrawy et al. (2011) [37]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Wistar rats	72 hrs	Cortex Hippocampus	Yes ↓ Yes ↓	No No	No No	No No	Yes — Yes —	No No	No No	Yes — Yes ↑	Yes ↑ Yes ↑
Singh and Kumar (2008) [44]	PSD	CP	Male Wistar rats	96 hrs	Hippocampus, thalamus, & hypothalamus	Yes ↓	No	No	Yes —	No	Yes ↓	No	No	Yes ↑
					Cerebral cortex, brain stem	Yes —	No	No	Yes —	No	Yes ↑	No	No	Yes ↓
					Striatum	Yes —	No	No	Yes —	No	Yes —	No	No	Yes —
					Whole brain	Yes ↓	No	No	Yes —	No	Yes —	No	No	Yes —
Das et al. (2008) [48]	PSD	CP	Male Wistar rats	96 hrs	Whole brain	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes ↓
D'Almeida et al. (2000) [56]	PSD	CP	Male Wistar rats	96 hrs	Hypothalamus	Yes ↓	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
D'Almeida et al. (1998) [57]	PSD	CP	Male Wistar rats	96 hrs	Hypothalamus	Yes ↓	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
					Cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, pons, & cerebellum	Yes —	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
D'Almeida et al. (1997) [58]	PSD	MSP with MLP	Male Wistar rats	96 hrs	Frontal cortex Whole brain	Yes ↓ No	No No	No No	No Yes —	No Yes —	No Yes —	No No	No No	No Yes —

Catalase: CAT, classical platform: CP, glutathione: GSH, oxidized glutathione: GSSG, glutathione peroxidase: GPx, hours: hrs, multiple large platforms: MLP, multiple small platforms: MSP, nitric oxide: NO, paradoxical sleep deprivation: PSD, superoxide dismutase: SOD, ↓: significantly reduced, ↑: significantly increased, —: not significantly increased or decreased, and ↑↑: significantly increased compared with a control and between sleep deprivation times.