Table 2.

Summary of Existing Clinical Studies Investigating the Relationship Between Vitamin D Status and AMD

Study	Population (n)	Result
Parekh et al²²	NHANES III (7,752 civilians)	For all patients, 0.64 odds of early AMD in highest quintile of 25OHD level
Millen et al²¹	CAREDS/WHIOS (1,313 post menopausal women)	For all patients, 0.72 odds of AMD in highest quintile, For all patients <75 years of age, 0.52 odds of AMD in highest quintile
Golan et al²³	Israel Maccabi Health care Services database (1,045 AMD and 8,124 controls)	No difference in mean 25OHD levels between AMD and controls (24.1 vs 24.13 ng/mL, P = 0.925
Day et al²⁵	Medicare 5% database (6,966 vitamin D deficient, 6,966 controls)	No difference in incident rates of AMD in vitamin D deficient patients versus controls (8.90 vs. 9.14%, P = 0.62
Morrison et al²⁰	Discordant sibling cohort, 100 pts	Trend toward lower levels in NVAMD versus NNVAMD sibling (24.7 + 10.5 ng/mL vs 27.5 + 10.7 ng/mL, P = 0.22)
Seddon et al²⁴	Discordant twins cohort, 60 pts	Higher vitamin D intake in twin with less advanced AMD (200.3+/- 18.5 vs 170.9 +/− 16.9 IU/day, P = 0.01
Graffe et al³⁵	31 adutls with AMD (26 with late-stage AMD) 34 age-matched controls	Vitamin D def (<20 ng/mL) more prevalent in AMD patients (71.0%) vs. controls (44.1%) (P = 0.03). Those with vitamin D deficiency had an adjusted OR of 3.29 for development of late-stage NVAMD

CAREDS, Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study; IU, international units; NHANES III, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; WHIOS, Women's Health Initiative Observational Study; pt, patients