Table 2.

Changes in intestinal microbiota associated with alcoholic liver disease in humans – Selection, for full list see Supplementary Table 1

		Implicated microbiota
Disease	Comparison	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus/Species	Methodology	Reference
Healthy (n=24) Alcoholic patients (n=66)	Healthy vs. alcoholic patients	Actinobacteria Firmicutes	Actinobacteria Bacilli	Bifidobacteriales Lactobacillales	Bifidobacteriaceae Enterococcaceae Lactobacillaceae	Bifidobacterium spp. ↓ Enterococcus spp. Lactobacillus spp. ↓	Quantitative culturing of stool samples	Kirpich and colleagues (2008)
	Alcoholic patients without probiotics vs. alcoholic patients with probiotics	Actinobacteria Firmicutes	Actinobacteria Bacilli	Bifidobacteriales Lactobacillales	Bifidobacteriaceae Enterococcaceae Lactobacillaceae	Bifidobacterium spp. ↑ Enterococcus spp. ↑ Lactobacillus spp. ↑
Healthy (n=18) Alcoholics with- out cirrhosis (n=29) Alcoholics with cirrhosis (=19)	Healthy vs. alcoholic cirrhotic patients	Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Bacteroidaceae ↓		16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing Sigmoid mucosal biopsy	Mutlu and colleagues (2012)
	Healthy vs. alcoholics without cirrhosis	Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidia	Bacteroidales	Bacteroidaceae ↓
	Nondysbiotic alcoholics vs. dysbiotic alcoholics	Bacteroidetes Firmicutes Proteobacteria Verrucomicrobia	Bacteroidia ↓ Sphingobacteria ↑ Bacilli ↑ Clostridia ↓ Gammaproteobacteria ↑ Verrucomicrobiae ↓
Healthy (n=25) Cirrhotic patients (only alcoholic=43, not alcoholic=170)	Cirrhotic patients other than solely alcoholic vs. alcoholic cirrhotic patients	Firmicutes Proteobacteria	Clostridia Gammabacteria	Clostridiales Enterobacteriales Oceanospirillales	Family XIV Incertae Sedis ↓ Lachnospiraceae ↓ Ruminococcaceae ↓ Enterobacteriaceae ↑ Halomonadaceae ↑		16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing Stool sample only	Bajaj and colleagues (2014c)
Nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients (n=5) Alcoholic cirrhotic patients with active alcohol abuse (n=5)	Nonalcoholic cirrhotic patients vs. alcoholic cirrhotic patients	Bacteroidetes Firmicutes	Bacteroidia Negativicutes	Bacteroidales Selenomonadales	Bacteroidaceae ↓ Veillonellaceae ↑		16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing Stool sample	Kakiyama and colleagues (2014)
Healthy (n=15) Alcohol dependent patients with high or low intestinal perme- ability (n=26, or 34, out of whom 6 or 7 were used for micro- biota studies, respectively)	Alcohol dependent patients with low intestinal perme- ability vs. alcohol dependent patients with high intestinal permeability	Actinobacteria Firmicutes	Actinobacteria Clostridia Negativicutes	Bifidobacteriales Clostridiales Selenomonadales	Bifidobacteriaceae Clostridiaceae Family XIII Incertae Sedis ↓ Family XIV Incertae Sedis ↑ Lachnospiraceae ↑ Oscillospiraceae Ruminococcaceae ↓ Veillonellaceae	Bifidobacterium spp. ↓ Clostridium spp. ↓ Blautia spp. ↑ Dorea spp. ↑ Oscillibacter spp. F. prausnitzii ↓ Ruminococcus spp. Subdoligranulum spp. Megasphaera spp. ↑	16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, quantitative real-time PCR Stool sample	Leclercq and colleagues (2014)
	Alcohol dependent patients with high intestinal perme- ability pre- vs. post- alcohol abstinence	Actinobacteria Firmicutes	Actinobacteria Bacilli Clostridia Erysipeltrichia	Bifidobacteriales Lactobacillales Clostridiales Erysipeltrichales	Bifidobacteriaceae Lactobacillaceae Ruminococcaceae ↑ Erysipeltrichaceae ↓	Bifidobacterium spp. ↑ Lactobacillus spp. ↑ Holdemania spp. ↓

A comparison of condition A vs condition B: ↑, increase in condition B relative to condition A; ↓, decrease in condition B relative to condition A.

Taxonomy was updated using the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Taxonomy Browser.