Table 1.
Clinical and biological data of the patients studied
| Parameter | Group 1 | Group 2 | Controls | p* | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 40 | 36 | 28 | – | – |
| Age (years) | 57.16±7.83 | 59.04±9.33 | 57.18±4.95 | 0.3834 | 0.8396 |
| DM duration (years) | 10.08±4.04 | 10.45±5.14 | – | 0.7448 | – |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 32.67±6.19 | 31.38±6.62 | 24.22±0.45 | 0.4320 | 0.0175 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131.56±12.59 | 132.5±9.72 | 121.36±7.44 | 0.7583 | 0.0018 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.87±8.22 | 75.22±8.08 | 65.90±6.25 | 0.437 | 0.0048 |
| Hb (g/dl) | 12.90±1.15 | 12.82±0.74 | 13.90±0.75 | 0.252 | 0.0186 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.95±0.20 | 0.98±0.17 | 0.80±0.09 | 0.5055 | 0.0095 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 76.51±16.43 | 71.80±15.14 | 90.00±5.76 | 0.3321 | <0.0001 |
| Glycaemia (mg/dl) | 146.79±37.21 | 147.54±57.36 | 92±7.07 | 0.9476 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.97±0.62 | 7.11±1.05 | 5.99±0.17 | 0.4863 | <0.0001 |
| Serum cholesterol (mg/dl) | 216.20±49.19 | 220.13±49.29 | 157.18±23.47 | 0.7576 | 0.0014 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 144.54±47.50 | 151.95±48.03 | 96.45±25.61 | 0.3124 | <0.0001 |
| hsCRP (mg/dl) | 6.68±4.05 | 13.29±5.54 | 0.93±0.18 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 16.8±6.34 | 70.09±34.02 | 15.71±4.11 | <0.0001 | 0.0002 |
| Urinary alpha1/creat (mg/g) | 3.31±1.34 | 5.72±2.13 | 2.07±0.62 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Urinary NGAL/creat (μg/g) | 229.11±139.06 | 444.28±205.83 | 78.59±6.58 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cystatin C (mg/l) | 0.82±0.19 | 0.96±0.27 | 0.61±0.07 | 0.0157 | <0.0001 |
| Urinary AGE (pg/ml) | 44.33±17.42 | 70.97±37.12 | 31.54±1.43 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| ADMA (μmol/l) | 0.44±0.19 | 0.60±0.23 | 0.26±0.01 | 0.0026 | <0.0001 |
| Plasma AGE (pg/ml) | 442.64±175.69 | 655.22±152.03 | 272.39±22.59 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
DM-diabetes mellitus; SBP-systolic blood pressure; DBP-diastolic blood pressure; Hb-haemoglobin; eGFR-estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c-glycated haemoglobin; hsCRP-high sensitive C reactive protein; UACR-urinary albumin:creatinine ratio; alpha1/creat- alpha1-microglobulin:creatinine ratio; urinary NGAL/creat- neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin: creatinine ratio; AGE-advanced glycation end-products; ADMA-asymmetric dymethyl-arginine; parameters are presented as means, standard deviations, and proportions;
*
Bonferroni’s test for the differences between groups 1 and 2;
p-ANOVA analysis of variance to compare groups 1, 2, and controls.